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There be 句型难点解析
There be 句型难点解析| 文章作者：佚名 | 文章来源：网络 | 文章录入：henry | 更新时间：2008-5-14 | 字体：小 大 |There be 句型难点解析
一、There be 句型常用的时态形式有一般现在时、一般过去时、一般将来时、现在完成时和过去完成时。例如：
1. There is someone at the door to see you. 门口有人找你。
2. There will be a meeting this evening.
今晚有个约会。
3. ---Have there been any letters from Jack lately? 近日有杰克的来信吗？
---No, there hasn’t. 不，没有。
4. There had been many such accidents before you came.
你来之前就有过很多起这样的事故。
二、There be 句型中be 前面可用一些半助动词，如：be about to (就要), be certain to (一定会), be going to (将要),be likely to (可能), be to (要), had better (最好), have to (必须), used to (过去常), appear/seem/happen to (似乎/恰好)等。例如：
1. There used to be a grocery store on the corner. 以前在这个街口有家杂货店。
2. There is certain to be something wrong with the engine. = It appears / is certain that there is something wrong with the engine.
发动机一定是出了毛病。
3. There appears to have been a nasty accident. 似乎有一起严重的事故。
三、 There be 句型中的替换词有：come (来), develop (产生), exist (存在), fall (落下), follow (跟随), happen (发生), lie (躺着), live (住着), occur (发生), remain (还有), rise (升起),stand (站着)等。这些动词可以有时态变化，及物动词还可以有语态变化。例如：
1. There fell a deep silence. 突然一片寂静。
2.There remains one more test to be carried out before putting the instrument into operation. 在使用这一设备之前要完成一项试验。
3. Not long after this, there occurred a sudden revolution in public taste. 此后不久，公众的情趣发生了突然的变化。
4. There stands at the center of the square the Monument to the People’s Heroes. 在广场的中央矗立着人民英雄纪念碑。
四、There be 句型中，谓语动词和合后面的主语在数方面保持一致。如果有两个或更多的主语，则与离动词最近的那个主语保持一致。例如：
There is only a table, four chairs and a small bed in the room.
房子里有一张桌子，四把椅子和一张小床。
五、There be 句型有不定式、现在分词和动名词形式，在句中用作主语、宾语、定语或状语等。例如：
1. There being a bus stop so near the house is a great advantage.
公共汽车站离家这么近是一个很有利的条件。（There being a bus 用作主语）
2. I don’t want there to be any misunderstanding. 湖北不想引起任何误解。（There to be 作宾语）
3. No one would have dreamt of there being such a fine place.
谁也没想到会有这样的一个好地方。（There being
在句子中作介词of的宾语。需注意的是，结构若出现在介词for的后面则要用动词不定式；若出现在其他介词后面则要用动名词）
4. There being no bus, we had to walk home. 因为没有公共汽车，湖北们只好步行回家。
（“There being + 名词”构成独立主格结构，在句中作状语）
六、“There be no doing” 表示“不可能做”。例如：
1. There is no holding back the wheel of history. 历史车轮不可阻挡。
2. There’s no saying what he’ll be doing next. 他接下去要做什么，很难断言。
3. There is no bearing such rude remarks. 如此粗话，叫人根本无法忍受。
发表于2008-5-17 20:47:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-13 [个人空间]
“情态动词＋have done”考点重难点归纳2
“情态动词＋have done”考点重难点归纳| 文章作者：佚名 | 文章来源：网络 | 文章录入：henry | 更新时间：2008-5-13 | 字体：小 大 |
“情态动词＋have done”重点讲解
“情态动词＋have done”结构是高考重要考点，也是较难掌握的语法项目之一，下面结合近年高考试题谈谈其主要用法。>
一、在虚拟条件句中，如果表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句用过去完成时，而主句中则用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，即would/ could/ should/ might have done
例If he had worked hard, he would have passed the Collage Entrance Examination.如果他学习努力，
他就会通过高考了。
巩固练习
1. --- I stayed at a hotel while in New York. --- Oh, did you?You ___ with Barbara. (NMET98)
A. could have stay B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stay
2. Yesterday Jane walked away for discussion, otherwise, she ___ something she would regret later.( 96上海)
A. had said B. said
C. might say D. might have said
答案简析
1. 答案 A本句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句，意思是：If you hadn’t stay at a hotel while in New York, you could have stayed with Barbara. 表达了与过去事实相反的情况。>
2. 答案D本句考查的也是含蓄虚拟语气，意思是：如果她参加了讨论，她可能会说出一些后来令她后悔的话。表达了与过去事实相反的情况。>
二、must have done表示对过去已经发生过的情况的肯定推测判断，语气较强，意思是“一定……、肯定……”
例It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.昨天晚上一定是下雨了，因为今晨地面是潮湿的。
巩固练习
1. I didn’t hear the phone. I ____ asleep. (NMET 89)
A. must be B. must have been
C. should be D. should have been
2. --- I rang your home yesterday. A man answered but I didn't recognize the voice.
--- On, it ___ my brother, Peter.
A. must be B. must have been
C. can have been D. might be
答案简析
1. 答案B关键词是didn’t，说明动作发生在过去，所以是对已经发生过的情况的推测判断。>
2. 答案B 本句的意思是：我昨天朝你家里打的电话。这是对过去情况的推测判断，应该用must have done结构。
三、may/ might have done也用于对已经发生过的情况的肯定推测判断，但语气稍弱，意思是“可能，或许……”。例如：
She didn’t get there in time. She may have missed the bus.
她没能及时到达那儿。她可能没赶上汽车。
He didn’t come to school today. He might have been ill.
他今天没来上课，他可能病了。
巩固练习：
1. Sorry, I’m late. I ____ have turned off the alarm clock and gone back to sleep again.( 2000春)
A. might B. should C. can D. will
2. The window was broken. Tom ____ have done that, for he was a little naughty.
A. could B. might C. should D. ought to
3. Yesterday, Jane walked away from the discussion. Otherwise, she ___ something she would regret later. (1996 上海)
A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said
答案简析：
这三句表达的都是对过去已经发生过的情况的推测判断，意思是“可能、或许……”，应该用may/might have done结构。答案分别选ABD。
三、如果对过去情况推测判断的句子是疑问句和否定句，只能用can／could和can’t,／couldn’t。例如：
He can’t have gone abroad; I saw him an hour ago.
他不可能去国外，我一个小时前还见到他呢。
--- Can he have passed the exam? --- No, he can’t have. He didn’t work hard.
他通过考试了吗？不，他不可能通过考试。他学习不努力。
巩固练习：
1. --- There were already five people in the car but they managed to take me as well.
--- It ___ a comfortable journey. （MET95）
A. can’t be B. shouldn’t be C. mustn’t have been D. couldn’t have been
2. My sister met him at the Grand Theatre yesterday, so he ____ your lecture. (2002 上海)
A. couldn’t have attended B. needn’t have attended
C. mustn’t have attended D. shouldn’t have attended
3. My English-Chinese dictionary has disappeared. Who ___ have taken it? (2003 上海春招)
A. should B. must C. could D. would
4. I didn’t see her in the meeting-room this morning. She ____ at the meeting. (1995 上海)
A. mustn’t have spoken B. shouldn’t have spoken
C. needn’t have spoken D. couldn’t have spoken
答案简析：
1、根据They were already five people in the car, but they managed to take me as well.一句中的时态，应该是对过去情况的推测判断，因为车上已经有5位人了，在带上我一个，可以断定这一定是一次不舒适的旅行。所以，本句表达的是对过去否定的推测判断，应该用can’t/ could have done来表达。故答案选D。
2、根据句意“我妹妹昨天在大剧院见过他”，所以，一定是对过去已经发生的否定的判断，答案选A。
3、本句表达的是对过去发生过的情况的疑问，所以应该用could have done，答案选C。
4、本句表达的是过去已发生情况否定的推测判断，应该用couldn’t have done，故答案选D。
四、含有must/ may/ might表示对过去情况推测判断的句子，如果变成反意疑问句，反意疑问句中动词应与情态动词must等后的动词形式保持一致，用一般过去时或现在完成时。例如：
He must have been living here for years, hasn’t he?
他一定是在这儿住了好几年了，是吗？
You can’t have slept well last night, did you?
你昨天晚上没睡好，是不是？
巩固练习：
1: Great changes must have taken place in the village in the past few years, ____ they?
A. mustn’t B. haven’t they C. can’t D. didn’t
2. He must have lived a happy a few years ago, ____ he?
A. didn’t B. hasn’t C. mustn’t D. can’t
答案简析：
1. 含有must表示推测判断的句子，其反意疑问句的动词形式应与must后动词时态保持
一致。可以理解成如果不表示推测判断，该句应该说成：Great changes have taken place in the village in the past few year. 变成反意疑问句后应该说成：Great changes have take place in the past few years, haven’t they? 所以，该题选B。
2. 本句中must后的动词形式应为did，所以，反意疑问句的动词应为didn’t。故答案选A。
五、should/ ought to have done表示“本来应该做的，而实际上没有做的事情”，其否定形式则表示“已经做了不该做的事情”，含有责备的意思。例如：
The flowers have died. I should have watered them often.
这些花儿都死了。我本来应该常给他们浇水的。（其实没浇水）
You ought not to have told them the truth.
你本不应该告诉他们真相的。（其实你告诉他们了）
巩固练习：
1. There was a lot of fun at yesterday’s party. You ___ come, but why didn’t you? （99 上海）
A. must have B. should C. need have D. ought to have
2. Oh, I am not feeling well in the stomach, I ____ so much fried chicken just now. (2002 上海春)
A. shouldn’t eat B. mustn’t have eaten C. shouldn’t have eaten D. mustn’t eat
3. I was really anxious about you. You ___ home without a word. (NMET 2001)
A. mustn’t leave B. shouldn’t have left C. couldn’t have left D. needn’t leave
--- I’ll tell Mary about her new job tomorrow.
---You ____ her last week. (04 福建)
A. ought to tell B. would have told C. must tell D. should have told
Mr. White ____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t show up. (04 全国)
4. Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting, but he didn’t’ show up.
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving（04广西卷）
答案简析：
1、 本句的意思是：昨天的聚会很有意思，你本来应该来的，可你为什么没来？表示“本应该做，而实际上没有做的事情”应该用should/ ought to have done。答案D。
2.、本句的意思是：我胃不舒服，我刚才不应该吃那么多油炸鸡。其实你吃了所以应该选C。
3、本句表达的意思是：你不应该一句话没说就离开家。含有责备的意思，做了不应该做的事情，答案选B。
六、needn’t have done表示“做了本来不必做的事情”，通常不用于肯定句。例如：
It’s only five minutes’ walk. We needn’t have taken a taxi.
只有5分钟的步行路程，我们本不必乘出租车的。
It is warm today. You needn’t have worn your coat.
今天天气暖和，你本来不必穿大衣的。
巩固练习：
1. He is not poor. You ____ have lent him the money.
A. can’t B. needn’t C. couldn’t D. mustn’t
2. There was plenty of time. You ___ have hurried.
A. won’t B. mustn’t C. needn’t D. couldn’t
答案简析：
1. 该句的意思是：他不穷，你本不必借给他钱。答案选B.
2. 该句的意思是：时间充裕着呢，你不必慌忙。答案选C。
--- Catherine, I have cleaned the room for you.
--- Thanks. you ___ it. I could manage it myself. ( 05福建 31题)
A. needn’t do B. needn’t have done C. mustn’t do D. shouldn’t have done
七、can/ could have done表示“本来能够做而实际上没有做的事情”。例如：
You could have come here a little earlier.
你本来可以早点来到这儿的。
She could have earned a lot of money.
她本来可以挣一大笔钱的。
巩固练习：
He paid for a seat, when he ___ have entered free. (05 山东)
A. could B. would C. must D. need
1. I ____ here in time, but I met an old friend of mine. I stopped and talked with him for some time.
A. shouldn’t have come B. must have come
C. needn’t have come D. could have come
2. They ____ have finished the work yesterday, but it was raining hard.
A. must B. could C. should D. might
答案简析：
1. 这句话的意思是：我本来可以按时来这儿的，但是遇到一位老朋友，说了会话，所以没能及时来这儿。答案选D。
2. 该句的意思是：他们本来可以做天完成工作的，但是昨天雨下的太大，所以没能完成。答案选B。
发表于2008-5-13 17:09:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-13 [个人空间]
“情态动词＋have done”考点重难点归纳
“情态动词＋have done”考点重难点归纳| 文章作者：佚名 | 文章来源：网络 | 文章录入：henry | 更新时间：2008-5-13 | 字体：小 大 |“情态动词+have done”的用法
“情态动词＋have done”表示对过去情况的推测或估计，是历年高考的热点。现就这一语言现象作如下归纳：
1． should (ought to) have＋过去分词
表示过去应该做而（实际）没有做的事情,含有责备或遗憾的语气，意为“本应该……”；其否定形式为“should not／ought not to have ＋ 过去分词”，表示某种行为不该发生但却发生了。
Mr. White _____ at 8:30 for the meeting , but he didn’t’ show up. （04’广西卷）
A. should have arrived B. should arrive
C. should have had arrived D. should be arriving
[解析]本题中的一个关键词but暗示了“Mr. White按道理理应到了，而他没有到”。故答案选[A]。
2．needn’t have＋过去分词
表示过去没有必要做某事, 但实际上做了某事。
As you worked late yesterday, you_________ have come this morning. (06’陕西卷)
A. mayn’t B. can’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
[解析] He needn't have come，表示“他本没有必要来（实际却来了）”，根据句意，答案应选[D]。
[注意] He didn't need to come yesterday，意为“他昨天没有必要来（实际也没来）”。
3．must have＋过去分词
用于肯定句，表示“过去一定做过某事”，表示一种很有把握的推测。
[注意] 对过去发生情况的否定推测常用can’t／couldn’t have ＋过去分词。
I have lost one of my gloves. I ________ it somewhere . （05’北京春季）
A. must drop B. must have dropped
C. must be dropping D. must have been dropped
[解析]本题应选B。本题的前一句说明一个结果，后一句则表示一个原因。
I _______have been more than six years old when the accident happened. （05’天津卷）
A. shouldn't B. couldn't C. mustn't D. needn't
[解析]从题意上分析，本题的前一句陈述一个理由，后一句则是由前一句得出的结论。故本题选[b] 。
4．may／might have＋过去分词
表示对过去情况的一种不太有把握的可能性推测，表示“过去可能／大概已做了某事”；否定句表示“过去可能还没有做某事”。
We have proved great adventurers, but we have done the greatest march ever made in the past ten years. (06’天津卷)
A. needn’t B. may not C. shouldn’t D. mustn’t Key:[b]
5．can／could have＋过去分词
表示“过去本来可以做某事，但实际上没有做”；否定句表示“不可能已做了某事”；疑问句表示“可能／也许已做了某事吗？”。
--- I stayed at a hotel while in New York .
--- Oh, did you? You ＿＿＿＿ with Barbara． (NMET’98)
A. could have stayed B. could stay
C. would stay D. must have stayed Key: [A]
巩固性练习：从A、B、C、D中选择最佳答案。
1．---You didn’t wait for Mr. Smith last night, did you?
---No, but we ______. He didn’t return home at all.
A. couldn’t have waited B. needn’t have
C. didn’t need to D. should wait
2．Harry ______ have won the Physics competition easily yesterday, but he gave up.
A. could B. might C. should D. must
3．---May I speak to your manager Mr. Smith at six o’clock tonight ?”
---“I’m sorry, Mr. Smith to a conference before then.”
A. will have gone B. had gone C. would have gone D. has gone
4．---Tom took away our teacher’s cell phone without being permitted.
--- Really? I can’t imagine that he _______ have done such a thing.
A. must B. may C. can D. should
5．--- Was it you that made the suggestion?
--- It have been. I can’t remember.
A. need B. must C. should D. may
6．The weather turned out to be fine yesterday. I_________ the trouble to carry my umbrella with me .
A. should have taken B. could have taken
C. needn't have taken D. mustn't have taken
7．He paid for a seat, when he ______ have entered free.
A. could B. would C. must D. need
8．I didn’t see her in the meeting room this morning. She at the meeting .
A. mustn’t have spoken B. mightn’t have spoken
C. can’t have spoken D. shouldn’t have spoken
9．--- Hi, is that Peter Brown?
---Sorry. You ______ the wrong number .
A. must dial B. must have dialed C. should dial D. should have dialed
10．I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car . They ______ at least 150 kilometers an hour .
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
Keys for reference： 1---5 CAADD 6---10 CACBB
高考“情态动词＋have done”考点解析
“情态动词＋have done”结构是高考重要考点，也是较难掌握的语法项目之一，为了帮助同学们更好地掌握使用这一考点，下面结合近年高考试题谈谈其主要用法。
考点之一：在虚拟条件句中，如果表示与过去事实相反的情况，从句中用过去完成时，而主句中则用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，即：would/ could/ should/ might have done。例如：
If they had finished the work on time, they would have been praised by the manager.
If you had worked hard, you could have passed the examination.
高考题分析：
1. If it ___ for the snow, we ___ the mountain yesterday. ( MET91)
A. were not; could have climbed B. were not; could
C. had not been; could have climbed D. had not been; could climb
2. --- I stayed at a hotel while in New York. --- Oh, did you? You ___ with Barbara. (NMET98)
A. could have stay B. could stay C. would stay D. must have stay
3. Yesterday Jane walked away for discussion, otherwise, she ___ something she would regret later.( 96上海)
A. had said B. said C. might say D. might have said
答案简析：
1. 根据信息词yesterday可以判断该句是表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件句，从句中应该用“情态动词＋现在完成时”，故答案选C。
2. 本句是一个含蓄虚拟条件句，意思是：If you hadn’t stay at a hotel while in New York, you could have stayed with Barbara. 表达了与过去事实相反的情况，答案选A。
3. 本句考查的也是含蓄虚拟语气，意思是：如果她参加了讨论，她可能会说出一些后来令她后悔的话。表达了与过去事实相反的情况，故答案选D。
考点之二：must have done表示对过去已经发生过的情况的肯定推测判断，语气较强，意思是“一定……、肯定……”。其否定形式分别用can’t/ couldn’t和can/ could。例如：
It must have rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning.
昨天晚上一定是下雨了，因为今晨地面是潮湿的。
She didn’t attend the lesson yesterday. She must have been ill.
她昨天没有上课，她一定是生病了。
巩固练习：
He ____ have completed his work, otherwise, he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside. (０５北京 ２６题)
A. should B. must C. wouldn’t D. can’t
This cake is very sweet. You ___ a lot of sugar in it. (05 辽宁 26题)
Ａ. Should put B. could have put C. might put D. must have put
--- Tom is never late for work. Why is he absent today?
--- Something ___ to him. ( 05江西 22题
A. must happen B. should have happened C. could have happened
D. must have happened
I was on the highway when this car went past followed by a police car. They ___ at least 150 kilometers an hour. ( 05重庆 33题)
A. should have been doing B. must have been doing
C. could have done D. would have done
I ____ have been more than six years old when the accident happened.( 05天津 14题)
A. shouldn’t B. couldn’t C. mustn’t D. needn’t
--- Do you know where David is? I couldn’t find him anywhere. (05 湖北32题)
A. shouldn’t B. mustn’t C. can’t D. wouldn’t
1. I didn’t hear the phone. I ____ asleep. (MET 89)
A. must be B. must have been C. should be D. should have been
2. --- I rang your home yesterday. A man answered but I didn’t recognize the voice.
--- On, it ___ my brother, Peter.
A. must be B. must have been C. can have been D. might be
答案简析：
1. 关键词是didn’t，说明动作发生在过去，所以是对已经发生过的情况的推测判断。故答案选B。
2. 本句的意思是：我昨天朝你家里打的电话。是对过去情况的推测判断，应该用must have done结构。故答案选B。
发表于2008-5-13 17:08:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-11 [个人空间]
语法复习十：动词的语气——虚拟语气
语法复习十：动词的语气——虚拟语气
一、语气的定义和种类
l、语气：语气是动词的一种形式，它表示说话人对某一行为或事情的看法和态度。
2、语气的种类：
(1)陈述语气: 表示动作或状态是现实的、确定的或符合事实的，用于陈述句、疑问句和某些感叹句。如：We are not ready. 我们没准备好。What a fine day it is!多好的天气啊!
(2)祈使语气: 表示说话人的建议、请求、邀请、命令等。如: Open the door, please。请打开门。
(3)虚拟语气: 表示动作或状态不是客观存在的事实，而是说话人的主观愿望、假设或推测等。如: If I were you, I should study English. 如果我是你，我就学英语了。May you succeed! 祝您成功！
二、虚拟语气在条件从句中的用法
条件句有两类，一类是真实条件句，一类是虚拟条件句。如果假设的情况是有可能发生的，就是真实条件何。在这种真实条件句中的谓语用陈述语气。如: If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, we will go to the park. 如果明天不下雨，我们就去公园。
如果假设的情况是过去或现在都不存在的，或将来不大可能发生的，则是虚拟条件句。如: If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it. 如果他昨天见到你，他会问你这件事的。(事实上他昨天没见到你，因此也未能问你这件事。)
在含有虚拟条件句的复合句中，主句和从句的谓语都要用虚拟语气。现将虚拟条件从句和主句的动词形式列表如下:
从 句 主 句
与现在事实相反 动词的过去式（be的过去式一般用were） would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
与过去事实相反 had + 过去分词 would/ should/ could/ might + have + 过去分词
与将来事实相反 动词过去式，should + 动词原形，were to + 动词原形 would/ should/ could/ might + 动词原形
注: 主句中的should只用于I、we，但在美国英语中，should常被would代替；从句中的should 可用于各种人称。
l、表示与现在事实相反的假设和结果。如: If my brother were here, everything would be all right. 要是我哥哥在这儿 ，一切都没问题了。
2、表示与过去事实相反的假设和结果。如: If you had taken my advice，you wouldn't (couldn’t) have failed in the exam. 如果你按照我的建议去做，你一定不会(不可能)考试不及格。
3、表示与将来事实可能相反的假设和结果。如: If it were Sunday tomorrow, I should (would，could，might) go to see my grandmother. 如果明天是星期天，我就 (可能)去看望我奶 奶。If it were to snow this evening, they would not go out. 如果今晚下雪，他们将不出去了。
4、有时条件从句中的动作和主句中的动作发生的时间不一致（表示错综时间的虚拟语气），这时动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间加以调整。例如: If you had listened to the doctor, you would be all right now. 如果你当初听了医生的话，身体现在就好了。(从句动作指过去，主句动作指现在)
5、虚拟条件句可以转换成下列形式:
(l)省略连词if。在书面语中，如果虚拟条件从句中有were，had 或 should，可以把if省略，把这几个词放到主语之前，构成主谓倒装。例如: Should he come (If he should come), tell him to ring me up. 他要是来了，让他给我打个电话。Were I you (If I were you), I would not do it. 我要是你，就不做这事。
(2)用介词短语代替条件状语从句。有时假设的情况并不用条件从句表示出来，而是通过介词短语来表示。如: Without air (If there were not air), there would be no living things. 如果没有空气的话，就不会有生物了。But for your help (If it hadn’t been for your help) I couldn’t have done it. 要是没有你的帮助，我就不可能完成这件事。
假设的情况有时可以通过上下文或其他方式表现出来。如: I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have gone there with them. (If I hadn’t been busy that day, I would have gone there with them.) 我那天很忙，否则，我就和他们一起去那儿了。(如果我那天不忙的话，我就……)；I would have finished the work, but I have been ill. (If I hadn’t been ill, I would have finished the work.) 我本来该完成这项工作的，但我生病了。(如果我没生病的话，我就会完成……)
6、省去条件从句或主句：表示虚拟语气的主句或从句有时可以省略，但其含义仍可以推知。
(1)省去条件从句。如: You could have washed your clothes yourself. 你本可以自已洗衣服的。省去了"If you had wanted to")(事实是:你自己没洗衣服，因为你不想洗。)
(2)省去主句(常用以表示愿望)。如: If my grandmother were with me! 如果我的祖母与我在一起多好啊!(事实是:祖母已不在世。)；If only she had not left! 如果她没走就好了!(事实是:她已经走了。)
三、虚拟语气的其他用法
l、虚拟语气在主语从句中的用法：在"It is important (strange，natural，necessary)that…"这类句型里，that所引导的主语从句中的谓语动词常用 “should十动词原形”结构，表示某事是"重要"、"奇怪"、"自然"、"必要"等意义。如: It is important that every member (should) inform himself of these rules. 重要的是每个成员知道这些规则。
2、虚拟语气在宾语从句中用法：
(1)在动词wish后的宾语从句中，表示与现在或过去的事实相反，或对将来的主观愿望，从句通常省略连词that。1)表示对现在情况的虚拟:从句动词用过去式或过去进行式(be动词一般用were)。如: I wish I knew the answer to the question. 我希望知道这个问题的答案。(可惜不知道)；2）表示对过去情况的虚拟:从句动词常用"had十过去分词"。如: I wish (wished) I hadn’t spent so much money. 我后悔不该花那么多钱。(实际上已经花掉)；3)表示对将来的主观愿望:谓语动词形式为"would十动词原形"。此时要注意，主句的主语与从句的主语不能相同，因为主句的主语所期望的从句动作能否实现，取决于从句主语的态度或意愿(非动物名词除外)。如: I wish it would stop raining. 但愿雨能停止；I wish you would come soon. 但愿你立刻来。
(2)在suggest，demand，order，propose，insist，command，request，desire等动词后的宾语从句中，谓语动词用“should + 动词原形”，表示建议、要求、命令等。如: I demand that he (should) answer me immediately. 我要求他立刻答复我。
3、虚拟语气在状语从句中的用法
(1)在带有even if/ even though引导的让步状语从句的主从复合句中，主句和从句都用虚拟语气，动词形式与含有非真实条件句的虚拟语气相同。如: Even if he had been ill, he would have gone t his office. 即使生了病，他俩去办公室。
(2)由as if或as though引导的状语从句表示比较或方式时。从句谓语形式为动词的过去式(be用were)或 “had十过去分词”。如: He treated me as if I were a stranger. 他那样对待我，好像我是陌
生人似的。She talked about the film as if she had really seen it. 她谈论那部影片，就好像她确实看过一样。
注:如果表示的事情可能会发生，那么方式状语从句中的谓语动词可用陈述语气。
(3)在in order that或so that引导的目的状语从句中，谓语动词多用 “could或might（有时也用should）+ 动词原形”。如: Mr green spoke slowly so that his students could (might) hear clearly. 格林先生说得很慢，好让学生听清楚。
4、虚拟语气在定语从句中的用法：在"It is time (that) …"句型中，定语从句的谓语动词常用虚拟语气表示将来，动词形式一般用过去式，意思是"该干某事的时候了"。如: It’s (high) time we did our homework. 我们该做作业了。
5、虚拟语气在简单句中的用法
(1)情态动词的过去式用于现在时态时，表示说话人的谦虚、客气、有礼貌，或委婉的语气，常见于日常会话中。如: It would be better for you not to stay up too late. 你最好别太晚睡觉。
(2)在一些习惯表达中。如: I would rather not tell you. 我宁愿不告诉你。
(3)用“may + 动词原形”表示"祝愿"、"但愿”，此时may须置于句首（多用于正式文体中）。如：May you be happy!祝你快乐！May good luck be yours.祝你顺利。
练习、虚拟语气
1. If I ____ where he lived, I ____ a note to him.
A. knew, would B. had known, would have sent
C. know, would send D. knew, would have sent
2. If they ____ earlier than expected, they ____ here now.
A. had started, would be B. started, might be
C. had started, would have been D. will start, might have been
3. I didn’t know his telephone number. ____ it, I ____ then.
A. Had I known, would ring him up B. Should I know, would have rung him up
C. If I knew; would ring him up D. Had I known; would have rung him up
4. Mary is ill today. If she _____ , she ____ absent from school.
A. were not ill; wouldn' t be B. had been ill; wouldn't have been
C. had been ill; should have been D. hadn't been ill; could be
5. Were I to do it, I ________ it some other way.
A. will do B. would do C. would have done D. were to do
6. I ________ him the answer ________ possible, but I was so busy then.
A. could tell; if it had been B. must have told; were it
C. should have told; had it been D. should have told; should it be
7. Without your help, we________ so much.
A. won ' t achieve B. didn ' t achieve
C. don't achieve D. wouldn't have achieved
8. You didn't take his advice. ________ his advice, you ________ such a mistake.
A. Had you taken; wouldn't have made B. If you had taken; would make
C. Were you lo take; shouldn t have made D. Have you taken; won t have made
9. We wish we ____ what you did when we were at high school.
A. did B. could have done C. have done D. should do
10. She wishes she ____ to the theatre last night.
A. went B. would go C. had gone D. were going
11. Tom is very short now. His mother wishes that he ________ be tall when he grows up.
A. could B. should C. would D. were able to
12. My sister advised me that I ________ accept the invitation.
A. could B. must C. should D. might
13. He asks that he ________ an opportunity to explain why he’s refused to go there.
A. is given B. must give C. should give D. be given
14. Do you think of Wang Fang's suggestion that he ________ Mr. Li to the party?
A. will invite B. have invited C. is invited D. invite
15. I insisted that he ________ at once.
A. be gone B. go C. would go D. might go
16. Li Ming insisted that he ________ anything at all.
A. hadn ' t stolen B. shouldn ' t steal C. doesn ' t steal D. steal
17. It is quite natural that my coming late again ________ them very angry.
A. had made B. would make C. makes D. make
18. He acted as if he ________ everything in the world.
A. knew B. knows C. has known D. won't know
19. Read it aloud so that I ________ you clearly.
A. may hear B. will hear C. hear D. have heard
20. They got up early in order that they ________ they first train.
A. caught B. will catch C. might catch D. shall catch
21. I am sorry that he ________ in such poor health.
A. are B. shall be C. were D. should be
22. That is a good book. You ________ it yesterday.
A. could buy B. should buy C. should have bought D. bought
23. It is high time we ________ home.
A. will go B. would go C. have gone D. went
24. I ' d rather that you ________ home.
A. went B. have gone C. will go D. had gone
25. If only I _________ to the lecture!
A. listen B. will listen C. am listening D. had listened
26. ---- If he_____ , he ______ that food. ---- Luckily he was sent to the hospital immediately.
A. was warned; would not take B. had been warned; would not have taken
C. would be warned; had not taken D. would have been warned; had not taken
27.I didn' t see your sister at the meeting. If she _________, she would have met my brother.
A. has come B. did come C. came D. had come
28. Without electricity, human life ________ quite different today.
A. is B. will be C. would have been D. would be
29. He ________ you more help, even though he was very busy.
A. might have given B. might give C. may have given D. may give
30. If city noises _______ from increasing, people _______ shout to be heard even at the dinner table 20 years from now.
A. are not kept; will have to B. are not kept; have to
C. do not keep; will have to D. do not keep; have to
31. Mike's father, as well as his mother, insisted that he ________ home.
A. stayed B. could stay C. has stayed D. stay
32. Mr. Smith insisted that he ________ the work all.
A. had done B. have done C. did D. so
33. Jane would never have gone to the party ________ that Mary would come to see her.
A. has she known B. had she known C'. if she know D. if she has known
34. If you had enough money, what ________ ?
A. will you buy B. would you buy C. would you have bought D. will you have bought
35. If you ________ that film late last night, you wouldn't be so sleepy.
A. didn't see B. haven't seen C. wouldn’t have seen D. hadn’t seen
36. Our monitor requested that ________.
A. all the class studied more carefully the problem
B. the problem was more carefully studied
C. with great care the problem could be studied
D. all the class study the problem more carefully
37. ---- Would you have called her up had it been possible?
---- Yes, but I ________. busy doing my homework..
A. was B. were C. had been D. would be
38. His tired face suggested that he ________ really tired after the long walk.
A. had been B. was C. be D. should be
39. It is important that we ________.
A. shall close the window before we leave B. will close the window before we leave
C. must close the window before we leave D. close the window before we leave
40. I didn't know his telephone number, otherwise I ______ him.
A. had telephoned B. would telephone C. would have telephoned D. telephone
发表于2008-5-11 16:47:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-11 [个人空间]
语法复习八：动词时态和语态（1）
语法复习八：动词时态和语态（1）
一、动词的分类和形式：
动词是表示动作和状态的词。动词有时态、语态和语气3种形式的变化。
1、动词按其能否独立作谓语而分为：“谓语动词”和“非谓语动词”两种
2、动词的4种基本形式：动词原形、过去式、过去分词和现在分词。
3、动词按其构成动词词组作用分为：实义动词、连系动词、情态动词和助动词。1）实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。还可分为持续性动词和瞬间动词；2）连系动词有两种：一种表特征或状态，另一种表状态变化过程。
4、五种不同的短语动词：1）“动词+介词”；2）“动词+副词”；3）“动词+副词+介词”；4）“动词+名词（或代词）+介词”；5）“be+形容词（包括相当于形容词的过去分词+介词”。
二、动词的时态：
1、一般现在时的用法：1）表示现在的习惯，经常发生的动作或存在的状态。2）表示主语的特征、性格和能力。3）表示客观事实或真理。4）表示按照计划安排好的将来行为。（只限于是go,come, leave, start, stop, be等开始或移动意义的词。）
2、一般过去时的用法：1）表示过去的动作或状态。2）叙述过去连续发生的事情。3）表示过去一段时间内经常发生的动作。
3、一般将来时的用法：1）表示将来的动作或状态。2）表示将来的经常动作。
4、现在进行时的用法：1）表示说话时正在进行的动作。2）表示现阶段正在进行的动作。（说话时动作不一定进行。）
5、过去进行进的用法：1）过去某一时刻或某一段时间内正在进行的动作。2）表示移动的动词：come, start, stay, leave, go等词的过去进行时可以表示过去的将来要发生的动作。3）was going to do可以表示在过去某一时间之后发生的动作。
6、现在完成时的用法：1）表示刚刚完成的动作，常与just连用。2）表示过去发生而持续到现在的动作或状态，甚至延续到将来。常与since, for连用，但for, since不能与终止性的动词连用。3）表示过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。
7、现在完成时与一般过去时的区别：1）现在完成时与现在有联系，它表示过去的动作对现在所产生的结果、影响。一般过去时通常表示在过去某一具体时间发生的动作，与现在没什么联系。2）现在完成时表示过去延续到现在的行为；一般过去时着重过去某一时刻的某一具体动作。
8、过去完成的用法：1）表示在过去某一或动作之前已经完成的动作。常与by, before等介词短语或一个状语从句或上下文暗示。2）表示由过去某一时间开始，一直延续到过去另一时间的动作，常和for（有时可省去）或since 构成的短语或since引导的从句连用。
9、过去将来时的用法：表示对于过去某一时刻而言将要发生的动作或存在的状态。
练习一：动词时态与语态（1）
1. When I saw Mary, she ______ on the piano.
A. is playing B. plays C. was playing D. played
2. She ______ the door before she goes away.
A. had locked B. is locking C. has locked. D. was locking.
3. A hunter is a man who ______ animals.
A. catch B. catches C. will catch D. was catching
4. What _____ if I drink this?
A. happens B. is happening C. will happen D. is happened
5. I will visit you if Father ______ me.
A. let B. lets C. is letting D. will let
6. Look out! That tree _____ fall down.
A. is going to B. will be C. shall D. would
7. My uncle _____ to see me. He'll be here soon.
A. comes B. is coming C. had come D. came
8. They can't leave until they _____ their work.
A. did B. are doing C. have done D. has done
9. "Has he seen this film?" " Yes. He ______ it several days ago. "
A. saw B. has seen C. had seen D. was seeing
10. Now Mike isn't here. He ______ Mr Green's. Perhaps he ______ back in a few minutes.
A. went to; is coming B. has gone to; will come
C. has been to; will be D. is going to; has come
11. That day he ._______ his clothes before he came to see me.
A. has washed B. washed C. had been washing D. was washed
12. I haven't finished my composition. I ______ for two hours and a half.
A. have written it B. have been writing it
C. wrote it D. am writting it
13. I will take my daughter with me when I _____ ShangHai,
A. go to B. will go to C. have been to D. have gone to
14. This bright girl ______ the truth in front of the enemy.
A. didn't say B. couldn't speak to C. said D. didn't tell
15. The bridge which ______ last year looks really beautiful.
A. was built B. built C. was set up D. had been built
16. " When ______ school begin?" " Next Monday. "
A. has B. does C. did D. is going to
17. I will ______ here till you give me some money.
A. leave B. not leave C. come D. return
18. I _____ here since I moved here.
A. will work B. worked C. work D. have been working
19. Every time I _____ there, I will buy him something nice.
A. went B. will go C. go D. have gone
20. It was said that his father ______.
A. has died B. died. C. has been dead D. had died
21. We won't go unless you ______ soon.
A. had come B. came C. will come D. come
22._____six years since I began studying English.
A. They have been B. it is C. It was D. There are
23. They ______ the Summer Palace three times.
A. have gone to B. have been to C. have been in D. have gone into
24. "How long haven't we seen each other? ""Well, it _____ nearly two years since we ______ last. "
A. is/have met B. was/had met C. is/met D. has been/had met
25. "Have you seen the art exhibition?" "No, _____ there. "
A. it was not being held B. they didn't hold
C. it had not held D. they were holding it
26. Don't get off the bus until it ______.
A. stop B. will stop C. stopped D. has stopped
27. "Where ______ the recorder? I can't see it anywhere." "I _____ it right here. But now it's gone. "
A. did you put/have put B. have you put/put
C. had you put/was putting D. were you putting/have put
28. They asked me to have a drink with them. I said that it was 10 years since I ______ a good drink.
A. had enjoyed B. was enjoying C. enjoyed D. had been enjoying
29. Don't come tonight. I would rather you _____ tomorrow.
A. come B. came C. will come D. coming
30. ______ you ______?
A. Do/marry B. Have/married C. Have/been married D. Are/married
31. When he ______ all the newspapers, he'll go home.
A. sells B. has sold C. will have sold D. will be sold
32. "This cloth _____well and _____ long. ""Ok. I'll take it. "
A. washes/lasts B. is washed/lasted C. washes/is lasted D. is washing/lasting
33. "Hurry up, you ______ on the phone. " "Oh, I'm coming. Thank you. "
A. are wanted B. are being wanted C. want D. are wanting
34. I ______ see you, but I didn't, for I had no time.
A. had wanted to B. has wanted to C. wanted D. was wanted
35. I ______ in Guang Zhou for six years by this October.
A. have lived B. was living C. will be living D. shall have lived
36. By this time next year he ______ from the college.
A. will be graduating B. should be graduating
C. will have graduated D. is graduating
37. Our teacher told us that the earth _____ from west to east.
A. turns B. turn C. has turned D. had turned
38. My brother _____ while he _____ his bicycle and hurt himself.
A. fell/was riding B. fell/were riding
C. had fallen/rode D. had fallen/was riding
39. Bill said he ____ twenty-one the next year.
A. was going to be B. was about to be C. could be D. was to be
40. It is high time you _____ in bed now.
A. are B. were C. will be D. would be
41. After a while an agreement _____.
A. was arrived at B. was arrived in C. was arrived D. has been arrived
42. The air liner from Beijing _____ at 3:00 p.m.
A. is about to arrive B. has arrived C. arrives D. is going to arrive
43.______,that step is not safe!
A. Look around B. Look up C. Look out D. Look down
44. "Have you _____ him to give up smoking?" "No. I _____, but he wouldn't listen."
A. persuaded/tried B. tried/persuaded C. tried/tried D. persuaded/persuaded
45. The research laboratory is going to ______ the new type of computer to use.
A. take B. make C. put D. send
46. I don't know when he ______, but when he ______, I'll let you know.
A. will come/comes B. comes/will come C. comes/comes D. will come/will come
47. How much do you think that vase _____?
A. is cost B. used C. was paid for D. cost
48. I _____ that he would be able to leave tomorrow, but it's beginning to look diffcult.
A. hope B. had hoped C. hoped D. am hoping
49. “Come on, Peter, I want to show you something.”
“Oh, how nice of you, I _____ you _____ to bring me a gift.”
A. never think/are going B. never thought/ were going
C. didn’t think/ are going D. hadn’t thought/ were going
50. It’s a nice flat, but it _____ a proper bathroom.
A. haven’t got B. hasn’t got C. wouldn’t get D. doesn’t have got
51. She had a shock when she heard the news, _____?
A. hadn’t she B. didn’t she C. wouldn’t she D. won’t she
52. This liquid _____ the salt at room temperature.
A. became mixed with B. was mixed by
C. mixes with D. has been mixing by
动词时态和语态（2）
一、时态的呼应：在复合句，从句（主要是宾语从句）中的时态，常受主句谓语动词的影响，这就叫做时态的呼应，时态的呼应一般有如下的情况。
1、如果主句的谓语动词为现在时态，其从句中的谓语动词应该用什么时态就用什么时态，如：She knows you have been in Beijing for five rears.
2、如果主句中的谓语动词为过去时态，从句中的谓语动词就要用过去时态，但要注意到下列情况：（1）如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作与主句中的谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生，从句中须用一般过去时或过去进行时，如：She said she was busy then. (2)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句中须用过去完成时，如：I didn’t know that she had been to London twice. (3)如果从句中的谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之后，从句须用过去将来时，如：They didn’t know when they would have a rest. (4)如果从句中说明的是一种普遍真理现象，虽然主句的谓语动词为过去时态从句中仍要用一般现在时，如：When I was a little child, my father told me that the earth is round. (5)如果从句中有表示具体过去时间的状语，虽然其谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词所表示的动作之前，从句仍用一般过去时，但如果该状语表示的时间不具体，则从句仍要用过去完成时，如：Tome said he was born in 1975.
二、被动语态：英语动词的语态有两种：主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者，被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者，在被动语态的句子中，动作的执行者，一般由介词by引起的短语来表示，如:We often help them. (主动)我们常帮助他们。They are often helped by us.(被动)他们常被我们帮助。
1、被动语态各时态的形式是由助动词be的各时态的形式加及物动词的过去分词构成。
2、被动语态八种时态的用法例句:被动语态常用的八种时态的基本用法和主动语态各时态的
基本用法相同，只是句中的主语不是动作的执行者，而是动作的承受者，如:(1)一般现在时：Now English is taught in all middle schools in our country. (2)一般过去时：The Great hall of the People was built in 1959. (3)一般将来时: When will the work be finished? (4)过去将来时：He told us that the work would be finished the next day. (5)现在进行时：
Your tractor is being repaired now.(6)过去进行时：The child was being examined by the doctor when they came in. (7)现在完成时：The work hasn’t been finished yet. (8)过去完成:The new plan had been carried out before the second experiment began.
3、在下列情况下，一般使用被动语态：（1）当不知道动作执行者是谁或没有必要提到动作执行者时，如：Paper was first made in China. （2）当强调或突出动作承受者的作用时，如：The new machine was invented by a 20-year-old young worker.
4、由主动语态转换为被动语态的几种句型：（1）将一个句子由主动语态转换为被动语态时，可按下列步骤进行：①先将主动结构的宾语改为被动结构的主语；②再将主动语态动词改为被动语态动词；③最后在被动语态之后加介词by，并将主动结构的主语放在by之后（经常被省略），构成介词短语；④由主动语态动词改为被动语态动词时，要注意被动语态动词中助动词be的各种形式变化，因为被动语态动词的不同人称和数是由助动词be不同的形式来表示的，如：Trees are planted every spring.（２）如果主动语态动词后又有直接宾语，又有间接宾语，一般是将间接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将直接宾语保留在原处。如将直接宾语改为被动语态句中的主语，将间接宾语保留在原处时，一般要在间接宾语前加介词to或 for，如：Grandma told me an interesting story last night.→Ｉwas told an interesting story last night./ An interesting story was told to me last night. （３）主动语态中的宾语加带有宾语补足语时，改为被动语态时，就将宾语改为主语，将宾补保留在原处，而成为被动语态句中主语的补足语了。宾补可以有下列几种情况：①宾补为动词不定式，如：They asked her to sing a song. →She was asked to sing a song. 在动词make, see, hear, watch, notice等之后，不定式的to在主动语态里可要省略，而被动语态里不能省，如：Tom was seen to come out of the lab.②宾补为分词，如：They heard them singing at the time.→They were heard singing at that time.③宾补为形容词、副词、名词或介词短语，如：She kept me busy all the morning. →I was kept busy all the morning.（４）如果主动语态中的谓语动词为短语动词，改为被动语态时，要注意不要遗漏短语中的介词或副词，以保持短语动词的完整性，如：She always takes good care of the children. →The children are always taken good care of. （５）含有情态动词的动词改为被动语态时是将情态动词后面的动词原形改为被动语态，因其前有情态动词，所以构成被动语态的助动词be就要使用原形，如：They must finish the work before Friday. →The work must be finished before Friday.（６）be going to, be to, used to, have to和had better等结构，其作用相当于情态动词或助动词，在改为被动语态时，只需将后面的动词原形改为被动语态即可，如：The are not going to put off the football match. →The football match is not going to be put off.
练习二、动词时态与语态（2）
53. An exhibition of paintings ____ at the museum next week.
A. are to be held B. is to be held C. are holding D. will hold
54. I'm sorry, sir. Your recorder isn't ready yet. It _____ in the factory.
A. is being repaired B. is repaired C. has been repaired D. hasn't repaired
55. Every possible means , but none prove successful.
A. has tried B. has been tried C. is being tried D. tried
56. _______ that they can pass the written exam this time.
A. That is hoped B. It is hoped C. That hopes D. It hopes
57. My little sister has broken my watch. ---- My watch _____ by my little sister.
A. is broken B. has broken C. have been broken D. has been broken
58. He was cleaning his room when I entered the house.
---- His room _____ by him when I entered the room.
A. was being cleaned B. was cleaned C. was being cleaning D. has been cleaned
59. I shall have Finished reading the novel by dinner time.
---- This novel _____ reading (by me) by dinner time.
A. will have finished . B. will has been finished
C. will have being finished D. will have been finished
60. You ought to keep these three rooms clean. ----These three rooms ______ (by you).
A. are oughted to keep clean B. ought to kept clean
C. ought to be kept clean D. ought to have been kept clean
61. You are about to write a poem, aren't you? ---- A poem _____ (by you), _____ ?
A. is about to be written, aren't you B. is about to be writing, isn’t it
C. is about to be writing, aren't you D. is about to be written, isn’t it
62. She had better leave a note to him. ---- A note _____ to him (by her).
A. had better left B. had be better left C. had better be left D. had better been left
63. He doesn't do his homework every day. ---- His homework ______ by him every day.
A. doesn't be done B. aren't done C. don't be done D. isn’t done
64. We must take care of our parents when they are old. ---- Our parents ______ when they are old.
A. must be taken care B. must be took cars C. must take care of D. must be taken care of
65. People look down upon him because he is a liar. ---- He _____ because he is a liar.
A. is looked down B. is looked down upon C. looks down upon D. looks down
66. Father will give me a dictionary on my birthday.
---- A dictionary ______ me by Father on my birthday.
A. shall be given to B. will give C. shall give to D. will be giving to
67. We elected her leader. ---- She by us.
A. is elected leader B. was leader elected C. was elected leader D. leader was elected
68. ---- People who live along this road receive their mail in these boxes.
---- Why are all of the______?
A. grey painted mailboxes B. mailboxes grey painted
C. mailboxes painted grey D. painted grey mailboxes
69. I saw him enter the room. ---- He ______ the room.
A. is seen enter B. is seen to enter C. was seen to enter D. was seen enter
70. The question asked by him is hard _____ .
A. to answer B. to be answered C. to be answering D. for answer
71. How sweet the music ______!
A. sounds to be B. is sounded C. is sounded to be D. sounds
72. In warm weather fruit and meat ______ long.
A. don't keep B. cannot be kept C. are not kept D. are not keeping
73. He received a telegram ___ "Mother Sick."
A. written B. said C. reading D. writing
74. The classroom ______ 30 feet long.
A. measures B. is measured C. has D. has length
75. Do you remember ______ ?
A. how it is done B. it how to be done C. How is it done by D. how to do
76. to have been rich.
A. They say B. It is said C. He is said D. That was said
77. Mathematics is difficult ______.
A. to learn B. for learning C. to be learned D. of learning
78. My hair is so long that I must go to a barber's shop and______.
A. have to cut it B. have it cut C. get it to be cut D. to cut it
79. The pencil ______ well.
A. writes B. is written C. was written D. writing
80. ---- I can't see the blackboard very well. ---- Perhaps you need ______.
A. to examine your eyes B. to have your eyes examined
C. to have examined your eyes D. to be examined your eyes
81. ---- Where is the coffee table? ---- Tom just had it ____ away.
A. move B. moving C. moved D. moves
82. Good medicine ______ to the mouth.
A. tastes bitter B. tastes bitterly C. is tasted bitter D. is tasted bitterly
83. Which girl won the prize? _____
A. By which girl is the prize won? B. Which girl was the prize won?
C. By which girl did she win the prize? D. By which girl was the prize won?
84. --- Where did you get that handsome picture? ---- It was _____ by my father.
A. given for us B. a gift to us C. given to us D. a gift for us
85. A young hen is ______ a chicken.
A. named B. known C. spelled D. called
86. ---- How does Alma like her new work? ---- She ______ with the hour.
A. can't satisfy B. isn't satisfied C. doesn't satisfy D. hasn't satisfied
87. ---- Why do you call your son Mouse? ---- He wants ______ by the name.
A. to call B. to be called C. to be calling D. being called
88. His idea, though good, needs ______ out.
A. being tried B. to try C. tried D. to be tried
89. The man living in the next door is known _____the police.
A. with B. to C. by D. of
90. Cotton is first made ______ thread and then it was woven ______ cloth.
A. up of, up of B. into, into C. of, of D. from, from
91. ______ here last night.
A. Something strange was happened B. Strange something was happened
C. Something strange happened D. Strange something happened
92. ---- I'd like to buy that coat. ---- I'm sorry, _____.
A. it was sold B. it's selling C. it's been sold D. it had been sold
93. Gunpowder was discovered in the twelfth century, but_____.
A. man did not put it to use in war two hundred years liter
B. until two centuries more it was used in war
C. not used in war until two hundred years later
D. in war did not use it two hundred years afterwards
94. The five-year-old girl by her parents.
A. is looked B. has looked for C. is being looked for D. has been looked
发表于2008-5-11 16:45:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-11 [个人空间]
语法复习四：定语从句
语法复习四：定语从句
（一）定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导
1、关系代词：who, whom, whose, which, that, as
2、关系副词：when, where, why
关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首，主句先行词之后，起着连接先行词和从句的作用， 同时在从句中又充当句子成分。
e.g. She is the girl who sings best of all.（关系代词who在从句中作主语）
The comrade with whom I came knows French.（whom在从句中作介词with的宾语）
3、关系代词和关系副词的用法：1）当先行词为人时用who 作主语，whom作宾语；2）当先行词为物或整个句子时用which ，可作主语或宾语；3）先行词为人、物时用that ，可作主语或宾语；4）whose用作定语，可指人或物；5）关系副词when（指时间，在定语从句中作时间状语，where（指地点，在定语从句中作地点状语），why（指原因，在定语从句中作原因状语）。
（二）限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句
1、限制性定语从句：从句与主句关系密切，去掉从句，主句意义不完整，甚至不合逻辑。
e.g. I was the only person in our office who was invited.（去掉定语从句，意思就不完整）
2、非限制性定语从句：从句对先行词关系不密切，去掉定从句，意思仍然完整。形式上用逗号隔开，不能that用引导。
e.g. Tom’s father, who is over sixty, still works hard day and night.（who引导非限制性定语从句，整个句子可分成两句来翻译）
（三）使用定语从句时特别注意的几个问题
1、that与which的区别。
1）用that而不用 which的情况：①先行词为不定代词all, anything, nothing, …；②先行词有最高级修饰，有序数词修饰；③先行词有only, very, any等词修饰；④先行词既有人又有物时。
e.g. There is nothing that can prevent him from doing it. 没有什么能阻止他不干那件事。
The first place that they visited in Guilin was Elephant Trunk Hill. 在桂林他们所参观的第一个地方是象鼻山。
This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这部电影是我看过的最好的一部。
Mr Smith is the only foreigner that he knows. 史密斯先生是他认识的唯一的外国人。
2）用which而不用 that的情况：①引导非限制性定语从句；②代表整个主句的意思；③介词 + 关系代词。
e.g. He had failed in the maths exam, which made his father very angry. 他数学考试没有及格，这使他的父亲很生气。
This is the room in which my father lived last year. 这是父亲去年居住过的房子。
3）as引导定语从句时的用法
①as引导限制性定语从句通常用于the same … as, such … as结构中。
e.g. I want the same shirt as my friend’s. 我要一件跟我朋友一样的衬衫。
Such machines as are used in our workshop are made in China. 我们车间使用的这种机器是中国制造的。
②as引导非限制性定语从句既可放在主句之前，也可放在主句之后，用来修饰整个句子。通常用下列句型：as is known to all, as is said, as is reported, as is announced, as we all know, as I expect 等。
e.g. As I expected, he got the first place again in this mid-term examination. 正如我所预料的那样，他在这次期中考试中又获得了第一名。
3）as 引导非限制性定语从句时与which的区别
①当主句和从句语义一致时，用as；反之，用which来引导非限制性定语从句。
e.g. He made a long speech, as we expected.
He made a long speech, which was unexpected.
②当非限制定语从句为否定时，常用which引导。
e.g. Tom drinks a lot every day, which his wife doesn’t like at all.
2. 关系代词在从句中作主语时，从句的谓语动词单数还是用复数应由先行词决定。
e.g. The man who lives downstairs speaks English fluently. 住在楼下的那个人英语说得很流利。
The students who are in Grade Three are going to climb the hill tomorrow.
3. 定语从句有时不直接紧靠先行词，中间由一个定语、状语或谓语隔开。
e.g. There is an expression in his eyes that I can’t understand.
4. 引导定语从句的关系副词有时可以用“介词 + which”来代替。
e.g. October 1, 1949 was the day on which ( = when ) the People’s Republic of China was founded.
5. 当定语从句中谓语动词是带介词或副词的固定短语动词时，短语动词的各个固定部分不要拆开。
e.g. The sick man whom she is looking after is her father.
6. 介词在关系代词前，只能用which和whom，且不能省略；介词在句尾，关系代词可有which, that, whom, 口语中也可用who，且可省略。
e.g. The man (whom/ who/ that) you were talking about has come to school.
练习、定语从句
一、把下列每对句子合并成含有定语从句的主从复合句：
1. The fan is on the desk. You want it.
2. The man is in the next room. He brought our textbooks here yesterday.
3. The magazine is mine. He has taken it away.
4. The students will not pass the exam . They don’t study hard.
5. The woman is our geography teacher. You saw her in the park.
6. The letter is from my sister. I received it yesterday.
7. The play was wonderful. We saw it last night.
8. The train was late. It was going to Nanning.
9. The boy is my brother. He was here a minute ago.
10. The tree is quite tall. He is climbing it.
11. Here is the girl. Her brother works in this shop.
12. That’s the child. We were looking at his drawing just now.
13. This is the boy. His sister is a famous singer.
14. I want to talk to the boys. Their homework haven’t been handed in.
15. Is that the woman? Her daughter is in my class.
16. He used to live in a big house. In front of it grew many banana trees.
17. They passed a factory. At the back of the factory there were rice fields.
18. The soldier ran to the building. On the top of it flew a flag.
19. In the evening they arrived at a hill. At the foot of the hill there was a temple.
20. She came into a big room. In the middle of it stood a large table.
二、根据句子意思，在第一个空白处填入介词，在第二个填入关系代词whom或which:
1. The person ________ ________ I spoke just now is the manager that I told you about.
2. The pencil ________ ________ he was writing broke.
3. Wu Dong, ________ ________ I went to the concert, enjoyed it very much.
4. The two things ________ ________ Marx was not sure were the grammar and some of the idioms of English.
5. Her bag, ________ ________ she put all her books, has not been found.
6. The stories about the Long March, ________ ________ this is one example, are well written.
三、选择填空：
1. The man ____ visited our school yesterday is from London.
A. who B. which C. whom D. when
2. The woman ____ is talking to my mother is a friend of hers.
A. whose B. who C. whom D. which
3. Because of my poor memory, all ____ you told me has been forgotten.
A. that B. which C. what D. as
4. Do you remember those days ____ we spent along the seashore very happily?
A. when B. where C. which D. who
5. Tom did not take away the camera because it was just the same camera ____ he lost last week.
A. which B. that C. whom D. as
6. Those ____ want to go please sign their names here.
A. whom B. which C. who D. when
7. Where is the man ____ I met this morning?
A. when B. where C. which D. who
8. Who is the woman ____ is sweeping the floor over there?
A. who B. / C. that D. when
9. The man ____ you talked just now is a worker.
A. who B. whom C. to whom D. to who
10. The man ____ you are going to make friends is my father’s neighbour.
A. with whom B. when C. to whom D. which
11. The doctor ____ is leaving for Africa next month.
A. the nurse is talking to him B. whom the nurse is talking
C. the nurse is talking to D. who the nurse is talking
12. The man ____ around our school is from America.
A. which you showed B. you showed him C. you showed D. where you showed
13. He talked about a hero ____ no one had ever heard.
A. of whom B. from whom C. about that D. who
14. In fact the Swede did not understand the three questions ____ were asked in French.
A. where B. who C. in which D. which
15. Have you read the book ____ I lent to you?
A. that B. whom C. when D. whose
16. Finally, the thief handed over everything ____ he had stolen to the police.
A. that B. which C. whatever D. all
17. The foreign guests, ____ were government officials, were warmly welcomed at the airport.
A. most of them B. most of that C. most of whom D. most of those
18. This is the very letter ____came last night.
A. who B. which C. that D. as
19. I know only a little about this matter; you may ask ____ knows better than I.
A. whoever B. whomever C. anyone D. the one
20. This is the school ____ we visited three days ago.
A. where B. / C. when D. what
21. This is the factory ____ we worked a year ago.
A. where B. that C. which D. on which
22. Nearby were two canoes ____ they had come to the island.
A. which B. in which C. that D. /
23. Jack is pleased with ____ you have given him and all ____ you have told him.
A. that, what B. what, that C. which, what D. that, which
24. Do you work near the building ____ colour is yellow?
A. that B. which C. its D. whose
25. In the dark street, there wasn’t a single person ____ she could turn for help.
A. whom B. who C. to whom D. form whom
26. Is this school ____ we visited three years ago?
A. the one B. which C. that D. where
27. Is this the school ____ we visited three years ago?
A. the one B. where C. in which D. /
28, How many students are there in your class ____ homes are in the country?
A. whose B. who C. whom D. which
29. Alice received an invitation from her boss, ____ came as a surprise.
A. it B. which C. that D. he
30. The train was crowded and I had to get into a carriage ____ already seven other people.
A. when there were B. which there were C. that there were D. where there were
31. I live in the house ____ windows face south.
A. which B. whose C. where D. in that
32. ---- What game is popular with them? ---- The ____ most is tennis.
A. game they like it B. game they like C. best game they like D. best game they like it
33. They stayed with me three weeks, ____ they drank all the wine I had.
A. which B. which time C. during which time D. during which
34. The room ____ Mr White lives is not very large.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
35. Don’t forget the day ____ you were received into the Youth League.
A. when B. that C. at which D. where
36. I’ve finished writing the novel, ____ is to be published next month.
A. that B. what C. which D. when
37. He returned home safe and sound after a fierce battle, ____ was unexpected.
A. which B. as C. that D. it
38. ____ we is known to all, English is not very difficult to learn.
A. What B. As C. That D. Which
39. The old man had three sons, all of ____ died during World War Ⅱ.
A. whose B. that C. whom D. who
40. I have bought two pens, ____ write well.
A. none of which B. neither of which C. both of which D. all of which
41. Do you know the reason ____ she has changed her mind?
A. why B. which C. for that D. of which
42. He failed in the exam, ____ proves that he wasn’t working hard enough.
A. which B. what C. it D. that
43. During the week ____ he tried to collect materials for his article.
A. following B. followed C. to follow D. that followed
44. ____ was expected, he succeeded in the exam.
A. It B. Which C. As D. That
45. He studied hard and later became a well-known writer, ____ his father expected.
A. that was what B. what was that C. and which was D. which was what
46. We should read such books ____ will make us better and wiser.
A. when B. as C. whose D. what
47. You must show my wife the same respect ____ you show me.
A. when B. as C. whose D. what
48. He is absent ____ is often the case.
A. what B. which C. who D. as
49. It is the first time ____ I have come to your city.
A. that B. which C. what D. when
50. Who ____ has the same idea as it will do it in this way.
A. who B. that C. whom D. which
51. I shall never forget those years ____ I lived in the country with the farmers, ____ has a great effect on my life.
A. that, which B. when, which C. which, that D. when, who
52. This is the only book ____ I can find.
A. that B. which C. it D. with which
53. I don’t like ____ you speak to her.
A. the way B. the way in that C. the way which D. the way of which
54. That is one of those books that ____ worth reading.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
55. This is the only one of the students whose handwriting ____ the best.
A. is B. are C. has D. have
56. There was ____ to prevent the accident.
A. something could do B. anything we could do
C. nothing we couldn’t do D. nothing we could do
发表于2008-5-11 16:40:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-11 [个人空间]
2008届高三英语语法专题复习讲义-交际用语[含配套练习
2008届高三英语语法专题复习讲义-交际用语[含配套练习]| 文章作者：佚名 | 文章来源：网络 | 文章录入：henry | 更新时间：2008-4-22 | 字体：小 大 |2008届高三英语语法专题复习讲义-交际用语
易错常考的日常交际用语
1. 问候和应答
A: How are you doing? B: Fine, thank you. / Just so-so.
A: Please remember me to your parents. B: Sure, I will.
2. 介绍和应答
A: This is Mr./ Mrs./ Miss/ Ms Brown. B: Hello!/ How do you do ?/ Nice to meet you!
3. 告别
See you (later)! / Good night!( cf. Good evening!)/ Nice seeing you.
4. 感谢和应答
A: Many thanks!/ Thanks for your help!/ I appreciate your help!
B: That’s all right (OK). / You are welcome./ Don’t mention it./ It’s a pleasure./ My pleasure.
(cf. With pleasure. 用于回答对方的求助、邀请)
5. 道歉和应答
A: I’ m sorry.
B: That’s all right (OK.). / It doesn’t matter./ Never mind./ That’s nothing./ Forget it.
6. 邀请和应答
A: Would you like to...?
B: Yes, I'd love to. / Yes, with pleasure./ Yes, it's very kind ( nice )of you. / I'd love to, but I have other plans.
7. 请求允许和应答
A: Could I smoke here? / I wonder if I could smoke here.
B: Yes (Certainly). / Yes, do please. / Of course you may. / That's OK (all right). / I'm sorry, but it is not allowed / You'd better not.
A: Do you mind if I open the window?
B: Not at all./ Of course not./ Certainly not./ I’m sorry, but you’d better not.
8. 祝愿、祝贺和应答
A: Good luck! / Best wishes to you. / Have a nice / good time. / Congratulations! / Have a good journey.!
B: Thank you.
A: Happy New Year! / Merry Christmas! / Happy birthday to you.
B: The same to you.
9. 提供帮助和应答
A: Can I help you? / Would you like some help?
B: Thanks. That would be nice / Yes, please. / No, thank you all (just) the same. / No, thank you anyway./ That's very kind of you, but I can manage it myself.
A: What can I do for you? B: I’d like to go to the No. 3 Middle School.
10. 约会
A: Shall we meet at 4:30 ? / Let’s make it 4:00. B: All right. See you then.
11. 打电话
A: Hello! May I speak to Tom? B: Hold on, please.
A: Is that Mary speaking? B: She isn't here right now. Can I take a message for you?
12.就餐
A: Would you like some more meat? / Help yourself to some more meat.
B: Thank you. I've had enough. / Just a little, please.
13. 看病
A: What’s the matter? / What seems to be the trouble?
B: I don’t feel like eating./ I've got a cough. / I feel terrible （bad）. / I don't feel well. / I've got a pain here. / It hurts here.
14. 购物
A: What can I do for you? / May (Can I )help you? B: I'd like to buy a dictionary.
A: How about this one? B: That's fine. I'll take it.
15. 问路和应答
A: Excuse me. Where's the washroom? / Excuse me, can you tell me the way to the post office?
B: Go down this street. Turn right / left at the second crossing.
Sorry, I don’t know. I am a stranger here.
16. 谈论天气
A: What's the weather like today? / How's the weather in Beijing?
B: It's fine / cloudy / windy / rainy, etc. / It's rather warm (cold / hot). today, isn't it?
17. 处理交际中的障碍
Pardon.! / I beg your pardon. / Please say that again( more slowly.) What do you mean by…. ? / I'm sorry I can't follow you.
18. 提醒注意
You can’t ( mustn’t) smoke here. / No smoking!/ Wet paint!/ Mind your head (step) /
Take care!/ Be careful!/ Look out!
19. 同意和不同意
Certainly / Sure / Of course. / Yes, please. / That's a good idea. / I agree
No, I don't think so. / I'm afraid not. / I really can't agree with you. / No way (决不,没门)
20 时间或日期和应答
A: What time is it now? / What's the time? B: It's about three.
A: What day is it today? B: It's Wednesday.
A: Excuse me. Have you got the time? B: Yes, it's six twenty.
【各个击破】
1. –I expect everything will turn out as you wish.
---_____.
A. All right B. The same to you C. No, thanks D. I’d like to
2. ---I’m sorry that I can’t attend your wedding.
---_____? Haven’t we agreed on it?
A. What is it B. Why don’t you C. What do you think D. How is it
3 ---Excuse me, sir. I’m writing a research paper on Chinese medicine. Do you mind answering a few question?
----______.
A. Yes, please B. No, of course not C. Certainly D. By all means
4. ----Excuse me, could you tell me the time?
----Sorry, I don’t have my watch with me.
---_____
A. Thanks anyway B. Thanks a lot C. I’m sorry to hear that D. What a pity
5. ----Would you like another cup of tea?
----____.
A. Why not B. Make yourself at home C. Oh, sorry D. It’s very kind of you
6. –I wish you wouldn’t have your TV so loud.
---____. Were you trying to sleep?
A. That’s all right B. OK C. Sorry D. Thank you
7. ----How is everything, Rose?
---____.
A. Very well, thank you B. Not too bad C. I’m all right, thanks D. Not at all
8. ---Why didn’t you tell Ann the truth?
---_____.
A. Yes, I was afraid to be scolded by her B. No, but I wanted to
C. But I did D. I always hate telling lies
9. ---Not all present would believe what the report said, I’m afraid.
---____.
A. So do I B. Nor am I C. I agree D. I’m afraid , too
10. ---Here you are at last!
--____.
A. Are you all right B. Yes, I’m here
C. Sorry to have kept you waiting D. You are here, too
11. ---Please excuse me, but I really have to be going.
---Yes, of course. ____.
A. The same to me B. That’s OK C. Thanks a lot D. Nice seeing you.
12. ---Tom , would you like to come to our dinner party?
---_____.
A. Yes, I would B. Yes, with pleasure C. No, I can’t come D. Sure, it’s my pleasure
13. ---___
---Thank you. I certainly will.
A. I wish you success B. Will you help me with my work
C. Please remember me to your family D. May I help you?
14. ---______at the new school?
---Fine. I’ve got used to the life there and I’ve made some friend.
A. How are you B. How are you doing C. Are you getting on well D. How do you do
15. ---Cliff, I lost your bike at school. I suppose I should pay for it.
---Oh, ____. It was an old bike anyway.
A. Forget it B. Take it easy C. OK D. Don’t say so
16. ---Mum, I’ve cut my finger. It’s bleeding.
---Oh, dear. ___.
A. Let me see B. Don’t worry C. Nothing wrong D. Take it easy
17.–I’m going to travel to America. Would you tell me something about your experiences there ?
--___. Let’s discuss it over dinner.
A. That’s all right B. By all means C. Go ahead D. It just depends
18.---Shall I help you with the suitcase?
---_____.
A. It’s all right, thanks B. Yes, go ahead please
C. I don’t want to trouble you too much D. No, please don’t do it
19. –You can’t finish the book in less than an hour, I suppose?
--____.
A. Yes, I’m sure I can B. No, hardly
C. Sorry, I can’t D. I don’t think I can
20. –How are things going with you?
--____.
A. Quite well, thank you B. Good. And you? C. Good. Why not? D. No, just so-so.
交际用语：BDBAD CBCCC DBCBA DBAAA
发表于2008-5-11 16:23:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-9 [个人空间]
高考英语备考：So…that/such…that用法
高考英语备考：So…that/such…that用法辅导http://edu.QQ.com 2008年04月09日11:52 英语教师网 评论0条 such…that作“如此…以致”解，连接一个表示结果的状语从句。与so…that
意思相同，但用法不同。如：so…that这一结构中，so后边可加形容词或副词，
而such后边要用名词（这个名词前面可以带形容词，也可以不带）。因此，
such…that的句型结构可分以下三种：
1) such＋a(an)＋adj.＋单数可数名词＋that…clause
He is such a clever boy that everybody likes him.
他非常聪明，大家都非常喜欢他。
离校仅剩一个多月，是为爱相随，还是为就业而分手？无法避免地摆在了毕业生情侣的面前
高考志愿填报实用指南
[从大学排名谈高考志愿][录取分数线查询]
·湖北：公务员考试考生作弊将被禁考五年
·校园网登载离职教师照片被判侵犯肖像权
·热点评论：“逃课实习”实乃一种无奈之举
一双臭袜子引发的宿舍悲剧
[独闯华尔街的中国少女][谛听教育的春天]
留学 | 在美国贵族大学亲历宽进严出
深度 | 宽容赵薇和张柏芝是必须的！
亲子 | 女儿成绩倒数了，还有希望吗？
He was such an honest man that he was praised by the teacher.
他非常诚实，因而受到了老师的表扬。
2)such＋adj.＋复数可数名词＋that…clause
They are such interesting novels that I want to read them once again.
这些小说非常有趣，我想再读一遍。
3)such＋adj.＋不可数名词＋that…clause
He has made such great progress that the teachers are pleased with him.
他进步得很快，老师们对他感到很满意。
注意：如果such后边的名词前由many、much、few、little等词所修饰的话，则不用
such而用so。例如：
He had so many falls that he was black and blue all over.
他摔了很多跤，以致于全身上下青一块，紫一块的。
He had so little education that he was unfit for this job.
他所受教育很少，不适合做这个工作。
There were so many people in the street watching the fire that firefighters could not get close to
the building.
街上有那么多人观看大火，以致于消防队员无法接近大楼。
6.In fact, his English is one of these articles was so good that Engels wrote him a letter and
praised him for it.
事实上，在那些文章中有一篇他的英文写得很好，恩格斯曾写信赞扬他。
so…that也作“如此…以致”解，连接一个表示结果的状语从句。so…that与such…
that意思相同，但用法不同。现将so…that用法总结如下：
so＋adj.／adv.＋that…clause（so的后面跟形容词或副词）
He runs so fast that nobody can catch up with him.
他跑得非常快，没人能追上他。
Dr. Wang is so good that everybody loves and respects him. (=He is so good a doctor that
everybody loves and respects him. =He is such a good doctor that everybody loves and respects him.)
他是一位好医生，大家都尊敬并爱戴他。
so that与so ... that ...的用法在近几年来全国各省市的中考试题中出现率较高，一直是历年来中考试题的重要考点。下面结合近几年来的中考试题，将so that与so ... that ... 的用法归纳如下：
一、so that引导目的状语从句时，表示“以便；为了”，从句中常使用can /could /may /might /will /would /should等情态动词或助动词；引导结果状语从句时，从句中一般不用can和may等词，在so that前可以用逗号，意思是“因此;所以”。如：
1. The little boy saved every coin_________ __________he could buy his mother a present on Mother's day.(用所给的短语填空，每个短语只能用一次)(2003大连市) (答案为so that。)
2. She bought a digital camera online she would save a lot of time. (2003扬州市)A.so that B.as soon as C.no matter D.such that (答案为A。)
二、so＋形容词或副词＋that ...引导结果状语从句。
(一)so＋形容词或副词＋that ...引导的肯定的结果状语从句，意思是“如此……以致于……”。如：
3.—__________fine day it is today! —Yes,the sunshine is__________beautiful that I'd like to go swimming in the sea. (2003青岛市) A. How, such B. What a, very C. How, so D. What a, so (答案为D。)
4.当球迷们看到贝克汉姆的时候，他们如此激动以致于大喊大叫。(根据中文意思完成句子，
每空一词。)(2003北京市海淀区)When the football fans saw Beckham, they got__________excited__________they cried out. (答案为so，that。)
(二)so＋形容词或副词＋that ...引导的否定的结果状语从句，意思是“如此……以致于不能……”。如：
5. The camera is __________expensive__________ I can't afford it. (单项选择)(2004年辽宁省) A. so, that B. such, that C. so, as to D. enough, that (答案为A。)
6. Miss Gao asked a question, but it was__________that nobody could answer it.(2001安徽省)
A.very difficult B. too difficult C. difficult enough D. so difficult (答案为D。)
注意：当that引导的结果状语从句为肯定句时，so ... that ...可以与be ... enough to do转换；当从句为否定句时，可以与too ... to ... 或be not ... enough to do转换。如：
7. David was so careless that he didn't find the mistakes in his test paper. (变为简单句)(2003福州市)
David was__________careless__________find the mistakes in his test paper.
8. A：The boy is so young that he can't look after himself.
B：The boy is not__________to look after himself.(改写句子，使B句与A句意思相近)(2004年桂林市)(答案为old enough。)
so ... that ... 引导结果状语从句有时候可以与such ... that ...句型相互转换。如：
9. The stone is so heavy that I can't lift it up.
It is__________a heavy stone__________I can't lift it up.(改写句子)
(2003南京市) (答案为such, that。)
发表于2008-5-9 22:39:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-9 [个人空间]
高考英语备考：主谓一致
高考英语备考：主谓一致讲解月09日12:01
在英语中，谓语动词要与句子主语一致。一般来讲，主语是复数，谓语动词则用非第三人称单数；主语是单数，谓语动词则用第三人称单数。如：
(1) All the carpets are made of pure wood.所有的毯子均用纯羊毛做的。
(2) Is your companion waiting for you? 你的同事在等你吗？
1、有些名词作为主语，在形式上为单数，但谓语动词要用非第三人称单数。
如：The police are after the thief. 警察在追贼。
2.有些名词作为主语，在形式上为复数，但谓语动词要用第三人称单数。
如：Maths is my favorite subject.数学是我最喜欢的课程。
3.有些名词作为主语，要先判断它们在句子中是单数还是复数，再决定谓语动词是用第三人称单数还是非第三人称单数。
如：（1） Is your family a large one?你们家是个大家庭吗？(family 在本句中是单数)。
（2）My family get up early on weekdays. 在工作日我家的人起床很早. (family在本句中是复数)。
4. 如主语是单数，尽管后面跟有with, together with, as well as, but, like, except等引起的短语，谓语动词通常用第三人称单数形式。
如： Nobody but Xiao Li and Xiao Wang was there.只有小李和小王在那里。
5.当一个句子有两个主语，而它们又是由either…or, neither…nor, not only…but also连接起来时，谓语通常与最近的主语一致。
如：Not only you but also he has been to Cairo.你和他都去过开罗。
6. 其它一些用法：neither of, either of及each of 连接的词组作主语时，句子的谓语动词应是第三人称单数形式，但前两个短语在口语中也可用非第三人称单数形式。
如：（1）Either of us has learned the new textbook.我们两人都学过这种新教材。
（2）Neither of you know(s) the answer.你们俩都不知道这个答案。
7.短语more than one + 名词作主语，谓语动词多用第三人称单数形式，但也有非第三人称单数表达的。
如：More than one team enter(s) for the relay race.不只是一个队报名参加接力赛。
8.在百分数、分数等后面，如果跟可数名词，动词用非第三人称单数；如果跟不可数名词，动词用非第三人称单数形式。
如：55 percent of the students are girls in our school. 我校百分之五十五的学生是女生。
80 percent of the work has been done.百分之八十的工作已经做好。
词组one and a half后面虽是复数名词，谓语动词还是要用第三人称单数形式。
如：One and a half aspirins is left in the bottle.瓶里有一片半的阿斯匹林。
9.在四则运算中，主语是数词，谓语动词常用第三人称单数形式。
如：(1) Two plus two is four二加二是四
(2) Two times two is four二乘二是四
但是用and 连接，谓语动词常用非第三人称单数形式。
如：Two and two are four二加二是四。
10.如果一个句子由there或here引起，而主语又不只有一个，那么谓语动词的数由第一个主语的单、复数形式决定：如果第一个主语是单数，那么谓语动词则用第三人称单数形式；如果第一个主语是复数，那么谓语动词则用非第三人称单数形式。
如：There is a supermarket and many other shops here.这儿有一个超级市场和一些别的商店。
11.None 作为主语，谓语动词既可以用单数形式也可以用复数形式。
如：None has/have seen the effect of such a sunset.没人见过这种日落的效果。
12. 在主语从句中，整个句子作主语，一般视 为单数形式，谓语动词也一般用第三人称单数形式。但有时由what引起的主语从句，谓语动词用第三人称单数还是非第三人称单数形式，随意思而定。
如：(1). What he said is correct. 他说的话是对的。
(2). What she left me are a few books. 他给我留下的只是几本书。
13.非谓语动词作主语，谓语动词用第三人称单数形式。
如：Seeing is believing. 眼见为实。
14.表示时间、重量、长度、价值、金钱、距离等的名词作主语，尽管是复数形式，但它们一般作为整体看待，动词一般也要用第三人称单数形。
如：One hundred li was covered in a single night.
发表于2008-5-9 22:33:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-9 [个人空间]
高考英语备考：谈否定不转移现象
高考英语备考：谈否定不转移现象http://edu.QQ.com 2008年04月15日14:39 英语教师网 评论0条 英语(Q吧)中表达观点、信念、推测及臆测等心理活动的主从复合句在表示“认为……不”等含义的宾语从句中，常需要进行否定转移，既主句的谓语动词用否定式，宾语从句的谓语动词用肯定式。可用于该结构的动词主要有think, believe, suppose, expect, imagine, feel 等。例如：
1. I don’t think this magazine is worth reading.我认为这本杂志不值得读。
2. I don’t believe that he can fix the bike.我认为他修不好这辆自行车。
3. I don’t suppose that I know you.我想我并不认识你。
这种结构通常用于一般现在时，下面几种情况一般不接受否定转移。
一、 当主句中的谓语动词为“一般过去时”或“过去完成时”时。
1. I thought it wasn’t his duty to help Tom. 我认为帮助汤姆不是他的职责。
2. I had thought he wouldn’t come.我原以为他不会来。
二、 当主句中的谓语动词为“过去进行时”时。
离校仅剩一个多月，是为爱相随，还是为就业而分手？无法避免地摆在了毕业生情侣的面前
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1. I was thinking the room was not hot enough.我在想那间房间不够热。
2. I was thinking they couldn’t receive our demands.我在想他们不可能接受我们的要求。
三、 当主句中的谓语动词为“现在完成时”或“现在完成进行时”时。
1. I’ve supposed that I won’t trouble you again.我想我不会再麻烦你了。
2. I’ve been thinking that the sky won’t fall down.我一直相信天不会塌下来。
四、当think用在疑问句中时。
1. Why do you think I can’t change your note? 你为什么认为我兑不开你的钞票呢？
2. Do you think my mother wouldn’t permit this? 你认为我妈妈不会答应吗？
五、当主句中的谓语动词与情态动词连用时。
He must think I am not fit for the job.他一定认为我不适合这项工作。
六、当主句中的谓语动词与状语连用时。
I really think you needn’t worry about his safety.我真的认为你没有必要为他的安全担心。
七、当主句中的谓语动词被加强语气的助动词do , does, did 修饰时
1. I do think it is not wise of him to do so.我确实认为他这么做是不明智的。
2. I do think that he doesn’t tell a lie.我真的相信他没有撒谎。
八、当宾语从句中有no, never, hardly等否定词时。
1. We all think that he’s a fellow good for nothing.我们都认为他是个不中用的人。
2. I believe John never tells a lie.我相信约翰从不说谎。
九、当宾语从句中含有not at all, not a bit, not…enough, can’t help doing等一些固定词组时。
1. I think he is not at all tired.我想他一点也不累。
2. I think I can’t help laughing if I see it.我想我看见时会忍不住大笑的。
[责任编辑:moninfu
发表于2008-5-9 22:32:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-9 [个人空间]
高考状元英语复习经验谈：记忆词汇是基础
高考状元英语复习经验谈：记忆词汇是基础
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/12/14 10:20 燕赵都市报
词汇的记忆问题是英语学习中的一个重要问题。通常，这包括单词的用法(即一些固定搭配)以及一些常见的动词词组。这些基本的内容复习不好，就无法有效地进行后面的阅读复习。
对于语法，我认为，系统地进行复习是极有必要的。可以拿一本专门的语法书，一章一章地看。每看一章，都应该做点笔记。当然，这种笔记应该是那种提纲挈领式的，或者
说是大框架，框架中的那些具体内容，应该牢记在心，而不必记在笔记本上。这样，当以后再复习时，只要拿出这个大框架，头脑中便回忆每个框架中应有的具体内容，由于有了这个框架的帮助，将会很容易地理清各具体内容及其之间的联系，这十分有助于你的理解与记忆。当然，背语法是为了会用英语，所以适当地练习是十分有必要的。
对于阅读，我的建议是，应加大阅读量，以提高自己的阅读理解能力；对于阅读中遇到的一些结构复杂的句子，可以从语法角度进行分析，进而帮助理解。由于高三的复习负担是很重的，一般说来，时间不允许读英语小说。但可以找一些长度适中的文章来读，并尽量读懂，如一些好的散文等。
(武睿颖：2005年河北文科状元)
发表于2008-5-9 22:25:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-9 [个人空间]
高考英语多朗读多模仿 抢占听力制高点
高考英语多朗读多模仿 抢占听力制高点
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http://www.sina.com.cn 2005/12/14 10:21 燕赵都市报
听力的培养是英语教学的一个重要环节，提高英语的听力水平应该从以下几点入手：
一、平时多朗读，模仿磁带。大声、快速地(像学习疯狂英语那样)朗读听力教材，从而提高自身的语音、语言水平。尤其是要掌握美国英语与英国英语在语调、连读、重读、弱读以及用词方面的差异。
二、增加课外阅读，积累词汇和语法知识，了解文化背景知识。如果缺乏对英语国家的文化背景、历史知识、风土人情、宗教信仰、礼仪等方面的了解，则会对听力理解产生一定的障碍。举个例子：假如学生不了解感恩节的知识，那么在听一篇关于感恩节的文章时，对于它是否固定在每年某一天，以及为什么人们要在那一天吃南瓜、火鸡等细节的理解就会发生偏差。
三、精听与泛听相结合，每天坚持半小时的训练，持之以恒。所谓精听，就是选择一本听力材料，听到快要背出的程度，最好能听写其中的部分内容。所谓泛听，就是多听听英语歌曲，看看英语电影及听其他一些听力材料如电台广播VOA和BBC等。
四、重视解题技巧。听力过程是一个复杂的心理活动过程，如果不掌握一定的答题技巧，是不可能取得满意成绩的。
(黄骅：庞维铭)
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发表于2008-5-9 22:24:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-9 [个人空间]
高考状元谈英语学习
高考状元谈英语学习
[ 作者：佚名 | 转贴自：高中生网 | 点击数：1848 | 更新时间：2005-1-19 | 文章录入：admin ]
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朱坤(北京大学光华管理学院学生，河南省高考文科状元)：
英语很不容易学好，这是事实。这毕竟是一个与汉语迥乎不同的新语种，一般初学者总爱将汉语中的惯用语法移用到英语中，结果可能会造成很多笑话。对于学好英语，一般有两种意见，一种是强调大量的记忆，认为在中国，英语至今不能算十分普及，是缺乏应用的土壤，因此主张多背多记，只有记熟了才能提高运用能力，这种意见不无道理；另一种并不注重记忆，注重于应用，认为只有运用，才能掌握，况且学习语言的目的就是为了运用。这种意见也有道理，如果能把这两种做法结合起来，那就再好也没有了。英语中的单词，某些常用语法，常见句型是应该记住。一旦加以运用，印象就会更深刻。英语NMET试题无非如语文高考似的，分为基础知识、阅读、写作三大块，我觉得其中最重要的应该是阅读，150分中，它占了70分。由于基础知识题多，而且分又小，一般不易拉开差距，而作文呢，只是简单地写几句限定的话，只要尽量不出现或少出现语法错误就行，一般也不会有太大的分数悬殊。而阅读题则不然，成绩好的学生可能会达到60多分直至满分，成绩差的有可能只有十几分、20多分，况且阅读能力的提高又决非一日一夕之功，不经过大量的阅读，是绝对得不到高分的。因此，我建议广大考生在复习迎考时，一定要把阅读放在第一位，不要由于它不易见效就心灰意冷而轻言放弃，你要有自信心，你要时时刻刻都应该觉得，我的阅读能力一定会上去的，我的英语成绩也一定会上去的。要多做些阅读题，尽量对每一句话都读懂读透，读懂其中很微妙的深藏的东西；碰到生僻的单词也不要轻易去查找字典，以免养成懒惰的习惯。
王龙(北京大学计算机科学技术系学生，江西省高考理科状元)：
复习英语，我认为应先把书细读一遍，记下一些语言现象和老师抄的笔记，细到记住每个单词，每个短语。英语高考题量很大，分数极轻，丢一两道选择题常常无关紧要。但也正是这里一分那里两分的积累，才使其总分为150这么多的分数，正所谓不积小流无以成江海。如果不重视一个个语法点、一个个词和词组，要想考好英语那是很难的。因此基础在这里显得尤为重要。一个人基础具有稳定性，因而英语成绩较稳定，一时难以提高，但也不易下降。这并不是说就不要复习英语了，因为强化训练可以使你熟练，提高应试能力。
胡湛智(北京大学生命科学学院学生，贵州省高考理科状元)：
英语科复习可能是大家倾注时间最多的科目，它和语文一样，要靠平时的积累。如果你在一开始学至初中毕业都学得不错，到了高中就会轻松得多。英语的功课如果欠了“债”，也不要急，要依照积累的规律循序渐进地加以提高，具体做法如下：
首先，对老师上课复习的重要内容和例句等作较详细的笔记，经常抽时间看笔记，把典型例句背下来。
其次，将从初中到高中的书上的词组、常用词组、重要句型、重点词的搭配用法等做一系统的整理，尤其是动词、形容词的用法。这项工作的工作量比较大，但不要怕难，因为它是提高英语能力包括应试能力的一个非常有效的手段。整理完后你必须把它们读熟，能背下来效果更好。
第三，把从初中到高中的课文全部背诵一遍。听起来吓人，但由于是已学过、读过，大部分背诵过，所以工作量并不算太大，背诵的目的是培养对外国语言的感应能力，即“语感”。一旦形成初步的语感，做题便比较得心应手了，正确率也比较稳定，这是一个有效的速成法，供大家参考。
此外，建议大家每天抽半小时(最好在早上)坚持读读背背课文、词组、习惯用法等，短期内可能看不出效果，坚持下来就会有明显的体会。
最后，英语和语文一样要做相当数量的题，英语题也是比较容易重复出现的，要大量做题来适应各种题型。其中，完形填空和短文改错大都可以用上语感结合推断的办法加以解决。对于新出现的填单词的题型不少同学感到棘手，其实这主要是对单词的熟悉程度问题，你背过的课文和句型在这里会充分显示它的价值。
英语作文是比较容易得分的题型，占30分之多。要想提高英语作文水平，一方面背课文，另一方面可以从造句开始，逐步构造复杂的句子，再发展到写段落、篇章。还有一个办法，称为Free Writing，每天抽10分钟时间，任意写些单词句子，不要过多考虑什么通顺连贯，惟一的要求就是要不停地写出单词来，这种方法成效快，可以试试。千万要防止用“翻译法”写作文，即先写中文底稿，再译为英文，这不但费时，并且对英文水平的提高没有好处。我再向大家介绍两个背单词的小经验，一是背单词要避免“拼字母”式的背法，而是尽量结合读音规则和音标来背；二是背单词最好放到句子、篇章等具体的语言环境中去背。前一个办法是背词的拼法，后一个则是背词的意义，同时要对词性音标等做到心中有数。
刘阳(北京大学法律系学生，黑龙江省高考文科状元)：
外语，我认为是一门学起来有趣、用起来实惠的科目。学习外语，你不仅掌握了一门语言，随之也接触了一个民族的文化，受益不浅。学习外语跟煲汤一样，是细活慢工。我坚持认为外语要每日必读，每日必写，如果你的复习计划是以日或两日为单位，那我就劝你为外语而改改，因为那样的话虽然你每周有一天或两天的时间集中学习外语，与分散每日的累计时间相差无几，但效果可能相去甚远。在此顺便插一句，我觉得每日的复习以针对五科全面展开，挑出其中当天的重点着重攻克为宜。外语很讲究环境，背单词时，不要孤立地背，可把它放到具体的语境中去(如课文或老师给出的例句中)，那样既容易记忆又利于加深记忆；对于单词、词组要熟练掌握，灵活运用。课间饭后，不妨几个人凑在一块用外语聊聊天，提高词语运用水平，尤其对一些积极的词组或习惯用法，一定要牢固掌握，这样会使你的语言流畅地道。还有一个重要环节就是多做一些阅读题，多朗读，这样既可以熟悉单词的用法，又可以培养语感。在这里，我反复强调语感，因为我认为语言感知力对于外语、语文都是至关重要的。其培养就要靠平时的多读多写，不要学成哑巴外语。一句话，学外语离不开“勤”字，功到自然成。
梁震(北京大学经济学院学生，天津市高考文科状元)：
现在随着改革开放，英语在我们日常生活中的地位日益重要。信息高速公路、卫星传输系统，把这个地球变成了“地球村”。所以家长们也越来越重视孩子的英语学习，我们自己也感到了压力。但由于是学习一门外语，许多地方与学习其它课程不一样，有的同学就总摸不到大门。我下面介绍一下自己的英语学习。
高中时，我遇到的一位好老师就是天津一中年轻有为的拼命三郎—梁耀兴老师。梁老师英语水平高，同时人品很好。当年出国进修，国外曾有人挽留他，但梁老师毅然回国从教，体现了一名共产党员的品格。所以在跟从梁先生学习“术”之前，他的“德”已深深打动了我。使我坚信只要跟定了他，没错。
梁老师曾对我们说：我们学习外语，没有纯外语语言的环境，在听、说、读、写方面的刺激少，缺乏语感，更多的是去死记硬背，所以困难很大。我也觉得如此，所以英语不怕难，重在练。不光练做题，“唱、念、做、打、翻”全活，是做大量的题必不可少的。梁老师给我们发的课内、课外题他事先都做过一遍，精挑细选后才给我们练，少而精。上课更正、答疑时，我用红笔仔细更正每一道错题，并在边上标注与之相关的知识点、错误原因、应注意的地方等。这些“红字”成为日后复习的重点。
再有，高考英语的词汇量有严格的限制，基本不会出现不认识的字，即使有些单词教材中没有，也有可能是某一单词的不同词性的交换。背准每个单词是考英语的最基本要求。所以我认为应对高考，较多的词汇量不如高质量的词汇量，不多但准确。当然有能力的同学还是应该多背单词。在记单词时要勤查字典，不要想当然，对拿不准的词一定要“refer to the dictionary”。例如：comfort和comfortable两个词的否定形式应该加什么样的前缀?同学们没有把握不要猜，答案是discomfort和uncomfortable。所以我建议高中同学们买一本牛津字典或朗文字典。这两本字典内容稍有不同，但都是权威的，容量大。我比较喜欢牛津字典，因为现行的朗文字典是半繁体字的。写作业或做课外阅读时，手边放一本字典，遇到不懂的词就查，不光看音标、注释，还要看例子。知道这个词确切地怎么用。而且我鼓励高年级的同学买牛津或朗文双解字典的另一个目的是要同学们学着看英文的注释。用英语解释英语，当然要比用汉语解释得明确。如果有的同学拿不准over和above的区别，看一下英文注释就很明白了，不信去试一下。再有，英语有许多idiom，类似于我们的成语、惯用语，这部分东西在高中也接触到了。遇到这样的词组，千万不要望文生意地猜，还是得查字典。
再讲一下英语阅读理解。这项原来也是我很头疼的问题。一个是看不完，二是选不准。对于阅读速度，高考要求的不是很高。在老师的帮助下，同学们一定都能达到。但我觉得不能停留在这个水平上，要更提高一些速度，目的有两个：A、腾出时间仔细地看题，万一有拿不准的，可以回来查。B、腾出时间来做后面的题，多给作文时间，提高准确率。同学们不妨像大学的英语学习那样，把阅读分为extensive reading和intensive reading，即泛读和精读。泛读用于训练速度，拿来一篇文章，以自己最快的速度读完，如果你能把后面附着的题做对60%到70%就行了；或者你能复述出大意，并记住一两个数字或重点句子的位置也就符合要求了。精读可以分两步做：第一步当泛读看并计算时间，第二步以字斟句酌的方法再看，弄明白每一个词当什么讲。这就要求正确率在90%以上了。以上是针对阅读速度的对策，那么选不准答案怎么办呢?同学们可以试一下如下方法：A、用最快速度先看一遍后面的题，了解一下每道题的要求，例如什么时间、是谁、形容词是什么，再有就是最合适的概括或题目。B、再去有针对性地阅读，找出答案。这样也许会大大提高准确率。同学们不妨一试。
再谈一下关于作文。我觉得作文有两大要点：A、写进所有题目要求的表述内容。B、准确。对于第一项要求，同学们不妨在打草稿时，写完一项用铅笔在卷子上划去一项，这样防止漏项。对于第二项要求，对策更简单，那就是对没把握的字、句绝对不写，不在考试时显水平。尽量用简单的句式，常用的熟词。
高考时(1995年)有的地区考口语，有的地区不考。但我觉得英语学习不能急功近利，所以在高中阶段要重视口语。上口语课时，我积极举手，用不太熟练的英语与老师、同学会话，还参加英语角的活动。后来，慢慢地，口语大有长进。那么，口语水平的提高，有了语感，对英语笔头的帮助也很大。
何忻(北京大学中文系学生，甘肃省高考文科第二名)：
英语是令诸多学子头痛的一门功课，但根据我的经验，学英语主要需要从词汇量和语言习惯两方面努力，而这两方面都离不开读课文。说起词汇量，首当其冲的自然是课本中的词汇，背单词最笨的方法是死记。因为学单词的目的就是要在各种语言环境中应用它，离开了语言环境，单词就是“死”的，记得再多也没有多少用处。课文是我们所接触的第一个语言环境，所以应多读课文，使课文中的每句话都在你的脑海中留下印象，生词的用法也就掌握了；除课文外，还应找一些英语短文来读，以增大词汇量。作为一门语言，英语不象数学那样有着逻辑性很强的定义和一通百通的规律。虽然它也有语法规则可循，但很多都是很琐碎的东西，并且有大量的特例和习惯用法，尤其是介词、副词和一些活跃的动词如do、take、get、make、have等，这些单靠死记是行不通的。因此，也要先从课文下手，多读课文，脑子里的语法现象多了、熟了，也就有了“经验”，有了“语感”，从无形中掌握了这些习惯用语和特殊用法，遇到类似的情况也就有法可循了。高考题的客观性试题中，完形填空和阅读理解是较难把握的。我在做这两道题时，都掌握了一条原则，就是从通读到精读，先通读全文，掌握文章的感情基调、时态、人物关系等，再精读需要填空或回答问题的地方，最后比较答案，进行选择。通读练习时应尽量培养自己推断词义的能力，切忌一遇到生词就查字典。改错题也是较难答的题目。我在答这一题时的一般程序是：通读全文检查时态、人称等较明显的错误各种“一致”关系各种从句的先行词固定搭配单词拼写。经过这个程序以后，基本上不会再遗留什么“漏网之鱼”了。关于作文，平时应注意练习“代换”，因为写作文时常会遇到不会的单词或句型，这时就需要用相似的单词或搭配来代换。答卷时，先将题目中的要求和内容逐一列出，再将写各条内容时所需的句型和关键词写出，最后运用连接词将各句串联起来，这样就不至于漏掉要求和造成条理不清。另外写作文时应多用简单句，以把事情说清楚为首要目的，而不要为了追求修辞的华丽而运用一些难句型去写长句子，否则很容易出现语法错误而得不偿失。
耿德健(北京大学经济学院学生，安徽省高考文科第二名)：
我把外语的学习程序归纳为“单词—语法—阅读—练习”四步。单词为外语学习的基石，首必熟记。我认为单词记忆的最佳、最快方法是卡式记忆法，即将较难单词摘于小卡片上，随身携带看记，效果极佳。语法贵在平时积累，课内认真听讲，课外适当选看一些书籍。注意要排除母语干扰。对于外语学习，大量阅读是必需的，不仅可以提高阅读理解能力，几乎可以使所有的题型的解题能力同步得到提高。好的阅读材料我觉得《新概念英语》二、三册不错。英语练习亦在精不在多，亦可针对自己弱点采取专题训练法，不赘述。
陈小凌(北京大学英语系学生，湖北省高考外语类第二名)：
学好英语不是一蹴而就的事情。需要长期的日积月累。我觉得学好英语的关键是把握语感，一旦掌握了语感，做选择题和完形填空就觉得顺理成章，即使说不出道理也能选对答案。怎么才能培养良好的语感呢?首先要多大声朗读，“拳不离手，曲不离口”，每天抽出20分钟到半小时跟着磁带大声朗读课文或其他阅读材料，不仅能使自己的语音更准确，而且不知不觉就能把课文背下来，这样背课文就不是一种折磨，而是自然而然的事情了，并且不容易忘记。由于高考题多数仍来自课文，所以背会了课文做起题来自然游刃有余。第二，是要多阅读英文材料，扩大词汇量，提高语感，掌握主要英语国家的文化背景。我从初二开始一直坚持阅读课外读物，如简易英语名著丛书，《英语画刊》、《学英语》报等。我坚持每天抽出一小时左右读英语。我采用两遍阅读法，第一遍只需囫囵吞枣、掌握大意，培养自己不借助字典的阅读能力。这对以后做完形填空和阅读理解很有帮助，通过瞻前顾后揣摩文章的意思也能锻炼自己的逻辑思维能力。第二遍查出生词，划出重要的词组或语言点，回味文章深层次的含义。这一遍巩固了已学过的知识，又能掌握一些新的用法，时间长了，你的词汇量会大为增加。我不赞同靠背字典来扩大词汇量的做法，这种方法毫无乐趣，由于是死记硬背记得也不牢。有人统计过要真正记住一个单词必须在不同的场合见到16遍，而只有大量阅读才有可能做到这一点。第三种培养语感的方法更有乐趣，那就是通过看英文电影和听英文歌曲，虽然这对中学生来说有一定难度，但反复听、配合情景也能听出一些东西，英文电影还提供大量关于英语国家的语言文化背景，对理解英美等国的风俗、生活方式，以及特殊的幽默感都大有裨益。
以上谈的都是学习英语的经验。在复习阶段没有那么多时间，还是应该以课文为主。首先应该梳理从初一到高三的语法，各种时态的变化，要注意归纳分清。然后复习课文，重点是词组和惯用法，因为这些是生命力最强又最容易出错的。主要动词和不同介词搭配各有不同的意义，可以自己归纳，如与get搭配的可以有get on、get out、get in 、get off、get up、get over、get across等。介词和冠词是汉语里没有的，也非常容易混淆。介词是没有道理可讲的，但也有规律可循，如across和through都是通过，但across多指横着通过，或横跨，而through指直着通过，或穿过其中，所以船通过桥就用across，而火车通过桥则用through。复习时可找出以前做过的试卷或练习，看看以前的错误，以免重犯。复习阶段多数学校都采用题海战术，我觉得大可不必。与其单纯扩大做题量，不如提高每次做题的效率和质量。我每次做完一套题都要仔细分析总结，不仅看自己做错的，也看自己做对的，并分析原因，对于完形填空和阅读理解我多是反复推敲，为下一次做题积累经验和教训。这样每做一套题都有一套题的收获，下一次举一反三，能取得事半功倍的效果。做题时我比较相信直觉，一般很少改来改去，因为我发现在语言方面有时第一感觉更准确。
王劲涛(清华大学电子工程系学生，河北省高考理科第二名)：
英语的复习，词汇是基础。英语也是一门平时学习积累的科目，是无法通过考前的一阵突击来使成绩得到飞跃的，相对而言，高考中英语考试中水平发挥失常的事情也比较少发生。因此，英语的复习必须从最基础的词汇、语法开始。英语词汇的考试范围在考试大纲中都严格限定了，对于那些词汇一定要透彻地理解。英语的复习也需要一定数量的练习来加以配合。我认为我在复习期间将英语练习分为两个阶段：第一个阶段的练习是跟着老师的复习进度来做练习，在做练习的过程中发现自己学习上的缺漏，针对这些缺漏进行复习；第二个阶段是在对全部知识有了一个总体了解之后进行综合练习，可适当做一些模拟试题或是以往高考的试题，这有助于巩固第一阶段的复习成果，适应高考的题型、题量，逐步进入临考前的心理状态。
我在英语复习的过程中运用了我从一本参考书上看到的一种学习方法——“四遍通读法”来做完形填空，我自己感觉这种方法十分实用、有效，于是现在想将这种方法“借花献佛”介绍给大家，希望对大家的英语复习有所帮助。
英语的完形填空是将一篇英语短文中挖去25个单词，并在每个挖空的地方都有四个选择让考生选择。完形填空除了考查英语的基础知识如单词、词组、语法以外，还要求考生能够掌握文章的整体含义，理解一篇文章的中心思想，回答完形填空中的某些问题时需要运用自己的语感，但在我们周围并没有一个讲英语的外部环境，培养语感谈何容易。所以我在做完形填空时就应用以下的“四遍通读法”有意识地培养语感。
第一遍：拿到一篇完形填空的练习题，首先将文章读一遍，尽力将文章的大体意思找出来。如果大体意思读不出来，那也将文章的总体方向读出来：是说明文、议论文还是叙事文；作者的态度是积极的还是消极的；是明确的还是模糊的；是肯定的还是否定的。总体上对文章的内容有一定了解。
第二遍：第二遍读短文的时候不要急着去看短文的选择项，而是每读到一处空格时都自己分析一下这个空格要填的词大体上是一个什么意思的词，是名词、动词还是其他词性的词，是谓语动词还是非谓语动词，是否上下文有什么固定搭配如：So…that…，It's…that…，not…more than的连词搭配或是talk about， go over等词组搭配。自己用笔把每个分析出来的词写在空格上。完形填空中总有1～2个题可以通过这样的分析填出答案。
第三遍：第三遍阅读时就结合所给的选择项和自己分析出来的词进行比较，选择两者中意思最接近的选择。
第四遍：将自己所选的每一个单词都代入短文中的空格处，通读全文，并用一种挑剔的眼光来考察每个单词意义是否准确，语法是否正确。如果发现不妥之处，则应回到选择项中重新进行判断。
通过这种“四遍通读法”的练习，在做完形填空时就可以逐步培养出语感。当然这种方法是在练习的时候使用，考试的时候就不必四遍通读，而可以将第二遍和第三遍结合在一起。如果时间特别紧张，则可以连第四遍都省略。平时做练习的时候读四遍是为了培养语感，而考试时读三遍是为了节约时间。
在每次英语考试的前一天，我都将平时记录错题的本子拿出来仔仔细细地再读一遍，这样可以避免在第二天的考试中犯以前的错误。有的同学在考试前一天还拼命做题或是拼命地背书，我认为这是不可取的，因为大量做题或背书不仅会使自己精疲力尽，而且会影响到第二天的考试情绪，结果适得其反。
英国著名诗人柯勤律治讲过关于读书的一段话，这位诗人曾把读者分为四类：第一类读者好比计时的沙漏，读书像沙注进去又漏出来，到头来一点痕迹也没有留下。第二类读者好像海绵，什么都吸收，挤一挤，流出来的东西原封不变，甚至还脏了些。第三类读者像滤豆浆的布袋，豆浆都流走了，留下来的只有豆渣。第四类读者像是宝石矿床里的苦工，把矿渣甩在一旁，只要纯净的宝石。
焦朋朋(清华大学土木工程系学生，安徽省高考理科第三名)：
英语这门课要注意多背、多记、多练，我不主张“死记硬背”，但我赞成“背硬记死”。词汇是英语的基础，没有词汇积累，即使语法懂得再多，那也只是空中楼阁，迟早会塌下来。因此，对词汇要给予足够的重视，每天都抽出固定的时间背单词；不要死背，从课文中找出生词来背事半功倍。
对语法的掌握，不能只停留在理论上，而应在练习中掌握它。语法是死，但人是活的，要根据不同语境灵活运用。然后再多练练笔，对写作水平的提高也有很大帮助。
至于阅读，只有平时多读、多看、多练，才能提高阅读理解能力。在阅读时，要注意抓住关键句，特别是文章的第一段和每段的第一句，这些语句往往一句重千斤，很多问题的答案就蕴含在这些句子之中。
董霄逢(清华大学土木工程系学生，青海省高考理科第七名)：
课本上的许多知识都是需要准确记忆的，记忆也要抓住规律和科学方法，死记硬背只会白白浪费时间。下面，我以背英语单词为例谈谈记忆的方法。记忆单词的方法很多，如强化记忆，循环记忆，串联比较，联想记忆等，但是，比较科学、简洁的方法，还是解剖字形、分析词义、研究单词的结构。构词法是帮助我们扩大和巩固词汇，了解词的结构，通过已知成分推知词的含义，从而有利于我们记忆、理解、掌握词汇的一门科学方法。死记硬背只是从词的“形”和“音”两方面获得感觉和印象，没有认识它们“义”的内在联系。我们熟悉了构词方法后，能够根据判断和推理达到“望文生义”、“以形说文”的效果，不仅能记住很多单根词，而且能由此及彼、举一反三地读记大量同根词，在质量和数量两方面迅速扩大词汇量。如president，由前缀pre-“在前”，词根-sid“坐”和后缀-ent“人”组成，“在前面坐着的人”为“总统”。再如abstract，由前缀abs-“脱离”，词根tract“拉、抽”组成，本义为“从具体中抽出来的”，abstract就是“抽象的；深奥的”。追根溯源的方法也有利于加深记忆和理解。如：museum的前部mus为“缪斯”，museum原是供奉艺术女神“缪斯”的神庙，后来变为研究学问的场所，现在的意思为“博物馆”。cross是“交叉”的意思，talk为“说”，由两人一问一答，滑稽地“交叉演说”，便是crosstalk的本义“相声”。只要坚持下去，你一定能取得显著的进步并从中体会到无穷的乐趣。
楚军(清华大学自动化系学生，北京市高考理科第四名)：
英语的学习不同于其他学科，它最需要人们下苦功夫。这正是一分耕耘一分收获，不能偷懒，也没有投机取巧的办法。只能有恒心有毅力，一步步脚踏实地前进。取得的成绩是与付出的努力成正比的。这就要求抓紧点滴时间背诵单词和语法点。只有在掌握了足够多的单词和语法点后才能得心应手地应付考试。
张雅丽(清华大学经济管理学院学生，湖南省高考理科第四名)：
英语和语文相似，重点是培养语感。和语文不同的是，英语不是我们的母语，因而相对而言较为难学。在日常生活中，我们几乎不用英语，这就造成语感培养的困难。为了改变这一不利情况，我们所能做的就是多听、多说，即在闲暇的时候尽量多用英语进行交流，最好能在同学之间形成一种说英语的气氛，大家聊天的时候尝试着说说英语，写日记或写信的时候用用英语，这样不仅能培养英语的表达能力，对学习英语也很有帮助。另外，词汇量的大小也是决定英语成绩的一个关键。因为只有在读懂题意的基础上才能做题。背单词可能是大多数同学觉得头痛的一件事，总感觉记不了多久容易忘记，到最后还是和没记一样。对于背单词，我一贯采用的是循环记忆法，也就是分周期进行反复记忆。首先，你必须估算出自己的记忆周期，你可以背10个左右从未见过的单词，然后看自己几天以后完全忘记，这段时间大致就是你的记忆周期。以后每背完一次单词，过了1/4周期，你就需要再背一遍，以加强记忆。这样反复地记忆，一个周期后再检查还有哪些单词未记住，则归入下一个周期重新记忆。如此反复，相信你背单词的效率将会很快提高。在高考题中，考查语法的题占了很大一部分，因此对语法的精通和运用是必不可少的。我记得有一本书叫《中学英语语法》，书中对中学所学的语法有全面而详细的讲解，并辅以典型的例子，深入浅出，不失为一本好的参考书。英语的作文看起来是一道很吓人的题，实际上它是很容易得分的。只要你的文章叙事清楚，基本上没有语法错误，差不多就能得八九十分。所以，希望大家在作文时克服恐惧心理，保持细心，争取把应得的分拿下来，千万记住一句话：“不写自己从没见过的句子。”
刘满江(清华大学经济管理学院学生，贵州省高考理科前十名)：
英语的复习。首先，把高中阶段的单词背得滚瓜烂熟，记住每个词的语义、词性、音标及其构成的短语。试想，连单词都掌握不了，又从何谈阅读和完形填空。对词组、重要句型、词语搭配整理，随后背下收获很好。多阅读英语短文，学会寻找关键句、关键词，初步具有根据上下文猜测词义的能力。语言学习非常重要的是培养语感。多读多练非常有用。别一味尽做选择题，选择题强调的是语法，而英语的得分重点在于完形填空、阅读、写作。进行一定的阅读训练，一方面既能让你估计自身阅读能力，另一方面又可培养语感，熟悉高考阅读文段。英文写作要求是语句通顺，能抓住要点即可。阅读的原则是通读到精读，先通读全文，掌握全文的大概意思，还有时态、人物，然后再针对问题精读，最后进行选择答案。短文改错考查重点主要在人称、时态和在介词上设置障碍，应该多做一些短文改错，适应各种形式的陷阱，才能迅捷地解决问题。
王新(清华大学电子系学生，湖北省高考理科第三名)：
至于英语学习，我认为，首先它从本质上说，是一门语言，也就是一门工具，要“master it”，不仅要提高阅读写作能力，还要提高听和说的能力。而实际上，由于我们国家是非英语本族语国家，所以一般高三学生所具有的英语水平仅能达到中、初级水平。在我简单地看来，英语学习中，词汇词组的作用好比砖，而要构造英语这座大厦，还必须有英语语法把这些砖排列在一起。只有用正确的语法把词汇连接起来，才能正确地表达意思。所以我认为高三的英语复习时，还是要涉及词汇、语法和阅读三个方面。
首先，词汇的记忆问题是英语学习中的一个重要问题。通常，这包括单词，单词的用法(即一些固定搭配)以及一些常见的动词词组。这些基本的内容复习得不好，就无法有效地进行后面的阅读复习。
对于语法，我认为，系统地进行复习是极有必要的。你可以拿一本专门的语法书，一章一章地看。每看一章，都应该做点笔记。当然，这种笔记应该是那种提纲挈领式的，或者说是大框架，框架中的那些具体内容，你应该牢记在心，而不必记在笔记本上。这样，当你以后再复习时，你只要拿出这个大框架，头脑中便回忆每个框架中应有的具体内容，由于有了这个框架的帮助，你将会很容易地理清各具体内容及其之间的联系，这十分有助于你的理解与记忆。当然，你背语法是为了会用英语，所以适当的练习是十分有必要的。
对于阅读，我的唯一建议是，你应加大阅读量，以提高自己的阅读理解能力；对于阅读中遇到的一些结构复杂的句子，可以从语法角度进行分析，进而帮助理解。由于高三的复习负担是很重的，一般说来，时间不允许你读一些英语小说。但你可以找一些长度适中的文章来读，并尽量读懂，如一些好的散文等。
孟宪飞(清华大学精密仪器系学生，平时成绩优秀保送入清华大学)：
英语和语文同为语言，因而在学习方法上也有许多相通之处。学习英语有大量的常识性东西要求记忆，比如说单词，句型，语法等等。由于在日常生活中英语的应用较少，远不如汉语广泛(指国内大部分地区)，因而学习语言增加了难度。纯粹的背诵或记忆并不足取，效率低而且效果差，应该尽量采用情景记忆。
就拿背单词来说吧，有人喜欢一个一个字母背，若有哪个字母出了错误就全错了。通过分析英文单词的构成可以知道，复合词和派生词占相当大的比例，尤其是派生词数量极多。派生词均由词根加前缀或后缀构成，词根和词缀均有特定的含义，若按词根的方式记忆，势必可以提高效率，同时可以少出错误。采用这种方法，单词是以整体形象出现在大脑中，而不单纯是字母的排列，这样可以使记忆深刻。就像我们在人群中找人，根据的是人的整体外貌，而不是单纯凭高个子、大眼睛一类的特征去分辨，准确性就会提高许多。
同样，若把单词放在句子中，借助全句的整体环境记忆单词，就为单词开辟了更大一级的空间，更有助于记忆的深刻准确。有些老师鼓励同学在学习课文的过程中记忆单词，其做法是相当科学的。
由于英语的知识点比较分散，条理性不够强，因此在学习的过程中要多做总结，多做练习。零散的知识通过自己的总结归纳才能形成一个有机整体，如重点单词的用法、重点句式的应用，相近语法的区别等等，多总结一下不无裨益。学习外语适当做些练习也是必要的。语法的条文不用题目充实一下未免过于单调，通过练习可为词法、语法设置一个语言环境，减少准确记忆的难度。
英语作为一门语言，同样要求多听多说多读。除了课堂上所做的练习之外，可利用课余时间翻翻英文报纸杂志，随便读上几段，时间长了水平就会有所提高。为了培养英语的语感，适当听听专门的磁带或听听广播看看电视上的英语节目还是很有好处的。对比别人和自己发音上的不同，有利于纠正自己的错误，学习别人的语流语调，以提高自己的口语水平。
同语文一样，外语的学习也是一个日积月累的过程，没有恒心坚持经常的努力不可能学好。把功夫放在平常，学习外语并不是难事。
杨金丽(北京大学国际关系学院学生，天津市高考文科第七名)：
首先是英语The most important thing in the coming 21 century。英语的重要性已为人们接受；英语是21世纪的三大“牌照”之一。复习英语要脑勤手勤口勤，我建议诸君准备两个pocketbook。第一个pocketbook记录基本内容与知识。英语的复习首先要抓住课本。课本上的单词、语言点和语法讲解是进行英语复习的基础。千万不能刚开始复习时便抛掉课本，一头扎到无边无涯的题海中去，这无异于即将冲杀战场的战士丢掉了自己的武器。这些内容不仅是看一看，而且要反复看，直到全部掌握。而这些内容的复习却不必占用大块时间，它的复习也许只是睡前或醒来的五分钟，只是排队时的一种消遣，只是课间两个同学之间的谈话。只有在掌握这些基本内容后再扎进题海中，才不会遇难而慌，才会胸有成竹；即使遇到个别难题，也能有推敲题目的基础。每天晚上九点之后，诸君可以从题海中跳出来，清醒清醒。这时便可用到第二个pocketbook。首先要检查一下这一天的得与失，尤其要对做错的题予以充分重视。要查找错题的原因：是粗心，是语法错误，是时态错误，还是根本就不会?弄清错误原因后，将自己真正啃不到的难题或是对自己有极大教训的题记录在这个pocketbook上，通过查字典或向别人请教解决难题。这个pocketbook也要反复翻看，强化错题的改正。尤其在考试前，这些错题可助你一臂之力，跨过险滩。
还有一种被我称为“手掌记忆”的方法。如果诸君想重点记忆某个单词的发音或较难拼写的单词，不妨把它写在手心上，并强制自己在洗掉音标或单词前记下来。当你张开手看到它时便重复背诵一遍，这样反复记忆。假定一天背两个单词或音标，百天便要记住二百个易记难记的单词或音标。这些知识的准备可以抵挡70%的英语试题。
英语的高考试卷中还有完形填空和阅读理解两种较难得高分的题型。完形填空其实并不难。第一步应是通读整篇文章，弄清它的前因后果，来龙去脉和中心思想，然后再填空。填空时先将有把握的空选好，之后，集中优势“兵力”，逐个攻克难关。实在选不出来就读一读上下文，凭语感——即所谓的“感觉”——填好，不要为一个小空而花费过多的时间以致剩余时间太少而乱了后面的方寸。而阅读理解题也并非很难。现在这个题型的“量大”的特点已越来越突出，为了既能提高做题速度又保证正确率，诸君可以先看后面的问题，然后再阅读文章。这样带着问题去读文章，就会对有关问题的细节重视起来，提高效率。另外，由于一般的阅读理解问题设置的顺序与文章的内容的顺序是一致的，因此诸君可以先看前2～3个问题，以免不能一下子记住那么多问题而分散了注意力。而且这后面的两三个问题多是推断、归纳中心思想或询问文章标题。推断题要注意文章细节，而且在题支中的文中提到的内容肯定是错误的；而对于归纳中心思想或询问文章标题的题目，则必须找对文章的中心句，答案就在其中；不过是换了个表达方式或是简缩在一个短句、短语，便成了中心思想或标题。对于以上两种题型，如有充足时间可以检查一遍，如认为时间不够，不检查也并不妨碍大局。我们常有这样的体验，做英语题时，第一印象往往是正确的；而改过的答案十有八九是错误的，这更令人后悔不迭。尤其这两种题型失分率较高，劝诸君在犹豫之时慎下改笔。
英语考卷的第Ⅱ卷是灵活性较强的试题，答案往往不唯一，欲得高分，除有一定知识准备外还要具备一些“技巧”。填词一项要注意单词拼写正确外还要对时态、助动词及名词单复数的用法倍加小心。改错实际上是个小型阅读理解，要通读全文，弄清中心思想，然后再逐行、逐词地寻找错误。做此题目最忌“开门见山”式地一味改错，不读全文，结果往往脱离文章中心或在逻辑上出现错误，结果只得再从头做起，反而耽误时间。改错时要“吹毛求疵”，可按动词→名词单复数→连词→介词→副词的顺序逐个检查。没把握的可以跳过去，因为它可能真的没错。尤其要注意行与行的衔接处，这个“死角”往往不易被人重视，而错误也往往就隐藏其中。试卷的最后一项是作文，这个题目实质上是课后题中复述课文题的一种变形。复述课文题按顺序给我们提供了主要的连词、短语，而我们写作文恰好是这个题目的翻版。正式下笔前，如果将各句的连词、短语或难词按顺序列出就可以保证用词恰当，无拼写错误，然后在试卷上串起来再稍加润色，就是一篇较好的作文。写作文时还要注意时态正确，拼写无误，书写工整。要尽量用短句子，用地道的英语，这样的作文就可以算是一篇好作文。这个方法我百用不爽，高考时我的英语作文得了满分，算是对这个方法的最好的注脚吧。
杨临明(北京大学信息管理系学生，毕业于安徽省枞阳中学)：
英语作为一门外语，它不同于其他学科，具有其特殊性。在应试上，我是这样看待的，首先，必须熟练掌握单词，这是基础的基础。记单词各人方法不同，我觉得最好是边读边写，那样记得比较牢靠，不易遗忘。在高中，语法还是挺重要的。这可以通过专题形式来掌握，比如名词、介词等词法，名词从句、定语从句等句法等等，具体掌握它们的用法及规律。下面着重谈一下阅读理解。阅读理解在高考英语中所占的份额一般比较高，因此提高阅读理解能力很重要。我是这样认为的：要提高阅读能力，不具备语言的基本功，不掌握一定的词汇量和语法知识，片面强调阅读技巧，简直就是空谈；但是有了一定的语言基本功，不伴以大量阅读，缺乏阅读技能，那也不行。这二者之间存在着一种相辅相成的辩证关系。阅读应该有以下技巧：快读法，浏览一下，应善于抓住主题句。扫描法，快速扫视几行文字或段落甚至整个文章去寻找重要细节。阅读中还有一点应特别注意，那就是区别事实和观点。事实是客观的，因此用来描述事实的词汇应是不带感情色彩的；观点是主观的，用来表达观点的词汇通常带有感情色彩，有褒贬之分。事实和观点切不可搞混，那样答题就容易出错。随着要求的提高，英语听力已经或即将纳入高考范围了，因此应引起足够重视，有意识地加强训练，(听力对于城市考生来说要占一定优势)，平时就应多听听英语磁带，提高听力。
发表于2008-5-9 22:21:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-5-9 [个人空间]
英语写作句型翻译训练
英语写作句型翻译训练
[ 作者：admin | 转贴自：本站原创 | 点击数：1941 | 更新时间：2006-10-5 | 文章录入：admin ]
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一、简单句
主动语态：
1. 他们是德国人还是法国人?
2. 你吃了几碗米饭?
3. 他有许多工作要做。
4. 他说他妈妈给他买了一副眼镜。
5. 那些是医生的座位。
6. 在桌子上有些肉和鱼。
7. 我们班上的同学打算去颐和园。
8. 这个房子的门在哪儿?
9. 这是一件有趣的工作。
10. 汤姆的父亲
11. 学生们的书
12. 昨天的报纸
13. 我叔叔的房子
14. 一张世界地图
15. 中国的首都
16. 两杯茶
17. 两双靴子
18. 儿童节
19. 书的封面
20. 又见到所有的老师和朋友，真高兴!
21. 饭前洗手是必要的。
22. 黎先生太忙了，他不能去听音乐会。
23. 他跑得那么快，我不能赶上他。
24. 就他来说，这帽子太大了。
25. 请你帮助我好吗?
26. 你说那种话，真蠢!
27. 现在天气热得可以游泳了。
28. 这条河大约10米宽。
29. 我有一些重要事情告诉你。
30. 他们几乎无法相信他。
31. 这个问题不如那个问题难。
32. 婴儿哭得越来越厉害了。
33. 太阳比其他星球离我们近得多。
34. 这是我读过的最好的故事之一。
35. 我哥哥比我大五岁。
36. 长江是世界上最长的河流之一。
37. 如果你将一块冰放进热水里，它会越来越小，直至最后消失。
38. 他的英语讲得好，但不如张宏讲得好。
39. 这一课是所有第一册各课中最难的一课。
40. 他的眼睛很像他的父亲。
41. 他已乘9点30分的火车去上海了。
42. 给你一张邮票。
43. 有我们的座位吗?
44. 我们走了20公里。
45. 12岁时，爱迪生开始在火车上卖报。
46. 他在路的尽头找到了那家商店。
47. 到上学期结束时，你读了多少英语故事?
48. 他坐在公共汽车的最前面。
49. 他告诉医生前方急需医务人员。
50. 你和我去参加晚会好吗?
51. 在河的那边有很多的香蕉树。
52. 如果你去盐湖城，你就能看到一个纪念碑，其顶端塑着一只海鸥。
53. 中国位于亚洲东部。
54. 除了王先生我们都去了公园。
55. 我们在马路的拐角处遇见了他。
56. 河上面有座桥。
57. 你不去我们也不去。
58. 他经常帮助小王学物理。
59. 地球围绕太阳转。
60. 父亲每天早晨听广播。
61. 每天你花多少时间读英语?
62. 他有姐妹吗?
63. 昨天他突然病倒了。
64. 我们到达旅馆时天已黑了。
65. 我原以为你不在家。
66. 我没想到在这儿碰到你。
67. 我是中学生的时候，我经常学到很晚。
68. 昨天的会上有很多团员。
69. 她又在作业中犯了相同的错误。
70. 他明天动身去纽约。
71. 天要下雨了，带把雨伞吧。
72. 今天下午有一个关于艾滋病的讲座。
73. 他们打算开个会就此进行讨论。
74. 母亲正在读一篇关于台湾问题的报道。
75. 我校的学生宿舍大楼正在修建之中。
76. 他入团已经两年了。
77. 你看见过一支钢笔吗?我放在桌子上的。
78. 他戒烟已经五年了。
79. 李鸿到哪儿去了?他去了上海。
80. 老师进来时，同学们在讨论。
81. 昨天这个时候同学们没有开会。
82. 上月整个一月他都在写书。
83. 当电话响的时候，我们正在吃饭。
84. 昨天晚上八点彭惠在看电视。
85. 姐姐洗脸时，我在扫地。
86. 他敲门的时候你在干什么?
87. 上星期这个时候你在干什么?
88. 到上学期末你们读了多少本英语书?
89. 六点钟前他们已经到达车站。
90. 他睡觉之前已经读完这个故事。
91. 当我到达电影院时，电影已经开始了。
92. 那位阿拉伯人坚持说他从来没有看见过那头骆驼。
93. 我哥哥上大学前在这家工厂工作了三年。
94. 他说他曾两次见过这位钢琴家。
95. 他当售货员之前曾在农场上干过四年。
96. 那男孩坚持说他没有偷东西。
97. 他回家时，房子已经被烧毁了。
98. 他们说他们将尽快完成作业。
99. 他打电话给我说他下周要来看我。
100. 史密斯先生告诉我他下月回美国。
101. 卖那东西的人就是买了这件东西的男子。
102. 我肯定他现在在北京开会。
103. 你可否告诉我你什么时候能完成这项工作?
104. 因为他的母亲去世了，他只好自己照管弟弟。
105. 我敢肯定他还没有起床。
106. 我认为他学习努力。
107. 他告诉我他父亲在大厅作报告。
108. 我想他已经离开这里去上海了。
109. 罗杰问我们是否已看过那部电影子。
110. 我们都相信他很快会回来。
111. 医生说我会迅速恢复健康的。
112. 老师告诉我水在100摄氏度时沸腾。
113. 他三年前不会讲英语。
114. 您可以帮我搬一下这个重箱子吗?
115. 他可能下周来。
116. 我可以看一看你的照片吗?
117. 他明天必须起早。
118. 我们应该互相帮助。
119. 你同意我去钓鱼吗?
120. 你怎么敢说我不公平?
121. 他们需要带农具吗?
122. 她说她没有能够早点回来。
123. 你不许把这本书借给别人。
被动语态：
1. 这种汽车是中国制造的。
2. 这里只讲英语。
3. 那扇窗户被打破了。
4. 成都每年都植很多树。
5. 这个问题放到明天的会上讨论。
6. 操场边上正在修一幢教学楼。
7. 老师走进教室时，黑板已经擦好。
8. 教室通常是在放学后打扫。
9. 教师经常帮助学生解数学难题。
10. 工人被迫不停地干活。
11. 改革开放以来，高楼大厦拔地而起。
12. 那本书将在下个月出版。
13. 他正在手术室里接受手术。
14. 这些杂志不许带出图书馆。
二、名词性从句
1. 我听说他一月后会回来。
2. 那位艺术家说他刚画完了一匹马。
3. 他知道他该做什么。
4. 我不知道这是谁的字典。
5. 他问什么事使她那么难过。
6. 你想读什么书我就借给你什么书。
7. 我想知道你喜欢哪一个。
8. 你能告诉我怎样去医院吗?
9. 你知道邮局在哪里吗?
10. 谁也不知道他在哪里。
11. 你能告诉我们你们国家的雨水很多吗?
12. 约翰问他是否打算进城。
13. 老师问那个小男孩将在什么时候做完这项工作。
14. 老师问那位学生叫什么名字。
15. 他问我父亲是教师还是工人。
16. 我担心我兄弟是否通过了考试。
17. 他说她那天晚上将去那里。
18. 他问我头天晚上是否看了那部电影了。
19. 老师问我姐姐擅长唱歌还是跳舞。
20. 他问我是否已把事做完。
21. 他问我干了什么。
22. 他问玛丽的父亲每天什么时候去上班。
23. 老师问汤姆到哪里去了。
24. 一位医生请白求恩大夫让他来继续做手术。
三、定语从句
1. 武侯祠是那些美国客人参观的第一个地方。
2. 你可以坐任何一个空的座位。
3. 我发现了一些树，树的叶子因生病发黄。
4. 我知道一个森林，在里面你可以看到许多奇异的植物。
5. 那位女士穿的裘皮大衣很贵。
6. 我在英国时住的那家人下周要来成都。
7. 那部电影基于的那个故事是个真实的故事。
8. 那个盗窃银行的罪犯被警察抓住了。
9. 这就是你迟到的理由吗?
10. 发光的未必都是金子。
四、状语从句
1. 他回家后，我再走。
2. 自从去年见到他以来，我再没有见过他。
3. 我一直工作到天黑。
4. 他直到做完作业才睡觉。
5. 他来看我时，我正要出门。
6. 我妹妹看电视时，我在听收音机。
7. 请你路过邮局时，把这封信投进信箱好吗?
8. 那群孩子一边沿着湖边步行，一边愉快地唱歌。
9. 我们一到电影院，电影就开始了。
10. 他一见到你就会把书还给你。
11. 如果今天下午我有空，就和你一起去看电影。
12. 如果不下雨，他会来的。
13. 这部电影比那部电影有趣得多。
14. 我没有想到他那么有钱。
15. 这部电影很有趣以至于大家都想看。
16. 他气得话都说不出来。
17. 把这个做完，再开始做另外一个。
18. 温度升高，以便使水变成蒸汽。
19. 虽然已经很晚了，他还在继续工作。
20. 他虽然很早出了门，可上课还是迟到了。
21. 他十岁时成了一名少先队员。
22. 开完会后我们都回了家。
23. 我长大后想当医生。
24. 当他们参观工厂时，外国朋友受到了工人们的热烈欢迎。
25. 直到火车开动，他们才离开火车站。
26. 雾很大以至于我们看不清楚。
27. 自从我们上月回北京以来，我们看了四部电影。
28. 如果明天下雨，我们就不去游泳。
29. 我一有他的消息，我就通知你。
30. 他坐在第一排，以便能够看得清楚一些。
31. 到吃饭的时候天还在下雨。
32. 他给我们写信以来已经有5个月了。
33. 既然他们不帮我们，我们不得不自己动手。
五、非谓语动词
1. 我想去看电影。
2. 我们觉得有必要学好英语。
3. 学好英语不是一件简单的事。
4. 早起有益身体健康。
5. 他的愿望是成为一名大学生。
6. 龚光万在五分钟内画完了一匹漂亮的马。
7. 老师要同学们停下来听讲。
8. 记住给父母写信。
9. 不要忘了关窗。
10. 我将永远记住第一次见到你的情况。
11. 我想你把那本字典借给我。
12. 我看见他在跟老师谈话。
13. 我看见他昨天跟老师谈过话。
14. 他回家去看他母亲去了。
15. 他已经到了上学的年龄了。
16. 怎样去那儿成了一个问题。
17. 这间会议室太小，容纳不下这么多的人。
18. 你最好每天复习功课。
19. 你看见他们上了公共汽车了吗?
20. 你知道怎样把这消息告诉她吗?
21. 他已去厦门参加一个非常重要的会议。
六、It句型
请用it作形式主语或形式宾语把下列句子译为英语
1. 有必要在考试前对知识进行复习。
2. 保持世界和平是非常重要的。
3. 你这么干非常聪明。
4. 至少学好一门外语是十分重要的。
5. 要我们完成它可不是件容易的事。
6. 你能帮助我真是太好了。
7. 早晨锻炼有益身体健康。
8. 去九寨沟旅游真是好极了。
9. 对他来说拥有一座大房子是个梦。
10. 成为哈佛大学商学院的一名学生是他的最大愿望。
11. 我觉得帮助别人是我的责任。
12. 我们都想当然地认为重物体比轻物体下落得快。
13. 你认为有必要提前把这消息告诉她吗?
14. 科学家们认为载人飞船将来有可能飞到火星上去。
15. 教师们认为教会学生做人更重要。
发表于2008-5-9 22:17:00 晴 [阅读全文] [评论(0)] [全部日志]
2008-4-30 [个人空间]
高考听力趋势及复习策略
高考听力趋势及复习策略 [阅读：] [教育科技] 2008-4-26
2005年江苏卷依然采用全国卷的听力，共20小题、满分30分；难度适中，语速正常，听力材料贴近考生生活实际，问题设置全面，涉及到what、who、which、when、where、why、how等各个方面。难度较去年有所提高，如第一部分第一小题就是一道计算题，学生需用所听到的数据，计算后得出答案：第四小题大胆尝试对推理判断的考查，也增加了试题难度。要求考生有较高的分辨力
一、听力试题特点
1. 语体、语音特点
作为语言运用能力的重要组成部分，高考英语听力以考查口头语言的理解为主要目的，要求考生能够听懂日常生活中的简短对话或独白。在语体方面，听力试题属于口语，它的结构不像书面语那么严谨，其句子短，重复率高，冗余信息多，诸多I’m afraid, Excuse me, why not, you see, you know, well, ah, er, I mean 之类的词语频频使用；在语音方面，有时会出现弱读、同化等现象；另外还会出现音素的省略，失去爆破等现象；这些都给听力理解造成了一定的困难。但是从整体上来说，高考英语听力的朗读发音清楚，语音清晰，语速正常。了解这些知识对听力理解是非常必要的。
2. 材料特点
（1）语料真实
高考听力材料都是来自实际生活的真实语料，都是具有真实语境、真实动机、真实心态、真实人际关系和真实交际策略的实际语言活动。
（2）话题广泛
这些材料涉及到实际生活中的方方面面：购物、就餐、打电话、问路、看病、邀请、询问时间、谈论天气、假日活动、买票等，其内容包含新闻报道、社会生活、教育文化、风土人情、历史地理、科普知识、人物故事等。
（3）用词浅显，结构简单
听力试题中的词汇均为常用词汇，一般不会出现生僻词和超纲词，平均每句约8个单词，没有从句套从句的复杂结构句。
二、高考要求
高考英语听力一般从以下几方面考查考生对口头语言的理解能力：
1. 领略主旨大意，概括话题内容
这类试题在高考听力试题中约占2小题，它要求我们对听到的内容有一个整体的把握和全面的领会，抓住说话者究竟在说什么。任何一段对话或独白都是围绕一个中心展开的，有时主旨大意较明显，有时则需要归纳、概括。常见的提问方式有：
What’s the passage mainly about?
What’s the topic of the passage?
What are the two speakers doing?
What are the two speakers talking about?
What is the dialogue/conversation about?
为了把握所听内容的主旨要义，要从说话人的语气上体会主旨大意，抓住关键词，对语段进行整体理解。而不应纠缠在某些小细节上，这样往往会造成以偏概全。
2. 捕捉主要细节，确认具体事实
这类试题在高考听力试题中约占8小题。它要求我们听清、听懂与话题中心相关的具体信息，准确理解具体细节，如时间、地点、人物、价钱、数量、目的、原因、结果等。同时，还要求我们对所听到的信息进行简单的处理，比如数字运算、时间顺序、比较筛选、同义转换、因果关系等。理解具体信息有助于把握话题内容，领会说话者意图，这是听力考查的重点内容。常见的提问方式有：
Where is the woman going?
How does the man pay for the tickets?
What’s wrong with the girl?
When does the woman plan to arrive?
What’s the man’s house number?
How many hours does Tom sleep a day?
Why does the man thank the woman?
Which of the following is true?
细节问题一定是与整段材料的话题中心密切相关的，而不是纯粹为了追求细枝末节而设置的，这就需要在整体理解所听材料的基础上把听到的具体信息联系在一起，然后做出正确的理解与判断。
3. 推测谈话背景，辨认角色关系
这类试题在高考听力试题中约占5小题，要求我们从谈话或说话的话题和语气来推断出对话双方（或说话人）的职业身份，彼此之间（或与他人）的关系，对话发生的时间、地点或场合等。常见的提问方式有：
Where does this conversation take place?
Where is the woman speaking?
Where did the conversation most likely happen?
When does the dialogue take place?
Who do you think the woman probably is?
What’s the probable relationship between the speakers?
判断背景场合与说话者的身份对理解所听话语的真实含义是至关重要的。从某种意义上来说，对谈话或者说话发生的背景、说话者之间的关系的理解程度，也体现了我们对语篇整体输入或整体理解的能力。
4. 领会弦外之音，揣摩观点意图
这类试题在高考听力试题中约占5小题，它要求我们从话语中听出其中可能有的“弦外之音”，也就是揣摩说话人的意图、观点或态度等，常见的提问方式有：
What can we learn from the conversation/speakers?
What can we know /learn about the woman?
What does the man mean?
What does the speakers want to tell us?
What is the probable result of the conversation?
What’s the woman’s opinion about the man’s dress?
How does the woman think about the man’s way of working?
Which of the following words best describes the day the speaker had?
俗话说“听话要听音”，推测说话人的真实意图，把握了解其观点或态度是有一定难度的。这类问题常涉及到语言文化背景知识，需要我们在语言学习和听力理解训练中培养文化意识，提高自己的领悟能力。
三、进行高效的听力训练
古语云“磨刀不误砍柴功”，因此我们要想有最佳的状态出现在考场，那么在考试前做训练是关键。如何才能用最少的时间使自己的听力水平达到最佳状态并在高考英语听力中大获全胜呢？这是广大高中学生尤其是高三学生的最为关注的问题。
1、每天听一套题，不间断。每天听一套题目，那么，一年下来起码会有300套左右，已经能帮助你适应各种各样的试题并使你的听力水平得到较大的提高。
2、每天坚持听20～30分钟就足够了，听太长时间只会让自己感到疲倦厌烦，效果反而不好。
3、选用难度适中的听力材料。所选的材料太难易挫伤积极性，太易又没有挑战，也不能达到提高的目的。根据自己的实际情况选材，循序渐进，最终拿到最佳的成绩。
4、对听力材料进行巧妙的处理，精听与泛听相结合。精听的材料最好是采用带问题的测试材料，以接近高考题型的针对性材料为最佳，泛听的材料则以一些不带问题的材料为好，如一些短文朗读、故事讲述之类的听力材料。这样精听泛听结合，也是测试听力与趣味听力的交融，劳逸结合，听力提高必然很快。
7、重点要练习把声音转化为意义，猜词，一心二用(即边听边读并进行选择)及归纳推理能力。
8、注意信息的输入。没有输入就没有输出，所以平时要记住一些口语用语，多背诵一些情景对话。这样，听力材料信息较为熟悉，理解起来就会容易得多了。
9、了解文化背景，熟悉日常交际用语。了解适当的英语国家背景知识，扩大知识面，认真梳理并熟悉在特定情景中的语言交际的场合及功能。
四、听力应试技巧与策略
毫无疑问，好成绩的取得需要勤学苦练，具备扎实的语言知识功底是考好听力的前提。“梅花香自苦寒来”，只有勤学苦练方才熟能生巧。但也应认识到任何学科的考试都会有自身的规律和特点，如果我们能够根据这些规律和特点总结出一些方法和规律，并将它们应用于训练和测试中，定能收到事半功倍之效果。若要在考场上能够正常或者超常发挥，必须掌握以下几点应试策略：
1. 调整心理,稳定情绪，进入状态
听力测试也是对考生心理素质的检测，过于紧张焦急的情绪容易产生恐惧心理，影响听力水平的正常发挥。发试卷前最好做一做深呼吸或闭目片刻之类的放松活动，放松自己的情绪，使自己处于平静状态。树立必胜信念，心慌意乱于事无补，集中精力、临场不惧，才是明智之举。另外，听力试音的语速和音质与正式考试一致，因此，一定要听好试音，调整心态，尽早进入考试状态。
2. 快速抢读试题，积极进行预测，带着问题去听
高考的听力问题和选项都印在试卷上，试卷发下后，考生要充分利用听力试音时间、每小题的间隙时间以及答题剩余的时间抢读问题和选项，并根据问题和选项预测听力材料内容。根据自己的预测，带着问题有针对性地去听，不仅使你在听到问题答案时加倍注意，还有助于使你注意力集中，思想不走神，从而大大提高答题的效率和准确性。
3. 善于抓住关键词句，重视全文理解
捕捉信息重点是听力测试中的重要一环，不少人听力差的根本原因就是听录音时抓不住重点，只是盲目地逐字逐句地听，这样往往会产生捡了芝麻丢了西瓜的现象。听时重点要放在实词上，注意力要放在与问题相关的信息词上，像Well, unfortunately, however, but 等起导向作用的词，其后的内容必须留心。听对话时，要多注意答语的内容和语气，绝大部分信息都在答语中，且往往与答题有关；听独白时要重视首句，它常常是对短文内容的概括。另外，要注意整体理解，不要把思维停留在个别没听清楚的词句上，以免影响后面内容的理解。
4. 善于跳越难点，充分利用重复信息
听的时候，注意力要紧跟说话人的思路，有些同学往往在碰到听不懂的单词时停下来，想弄清楚这个单词的意思后再往下听，这种方法是不正确的。听到不懂的生词或有听不清的地方是正常的事，在这种情况下，要当机立断，毫不犹豫地大胆跳过去，接着往下听。有的时候，我们可以通过上下文猜测到该单词的大意，因为一般说来，对话中的词句，尤其是重要的词语，往往会以其他形式在对话中重现，我们称之为“多余信息的重现”，考生要培养这种跳越难点，从上下文判断词意的能力。
5. 结合语境、语调，推断真实含意
有的对话的答语似乎是答非所问，设置的题目也不直接，这就要求我们在听录音时，必须要通过想象，置身语境，进入角色，再把所处的情景与说话的重音、语调、语气及语义的整体含义结合起来，推断说话人的真实意图。
6. 学会边听边记，防止遗忘
听力测试中，尤其是听短文时，听清楚或是听懂全部内容是比较难的，同时完全准确地记住全部信息也不容易，因此适当记录是有必要的，好记性还不如“烂笔头”呢。这里需强调指出的是听力测试中的“记”应是速记，而不是听写，速记时要使用自己认识的最简便的，最迅速的办法，例如，字母、缩写符号甚至中文或只有自己才能辨认的符号。
7. 眼耳并用，听读结合
听录音时，要养成眼耳并用的习惯，一边用耳朵听，一边用眼睛浏览各个选项，做到听与思考记忆相结合，捕捉信息与选择答案相结合，听与阅读、选择同时进行。
只要我们充分了解高考听力测试的特点，针对目标，制定训练计划并坚持不懈努力，相信在2006年的高考中就能发挥上佳水平，取得好成绩。
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