----生活保健

Passage 81 Giving can save your life

No wonder Santa Claus just to go on forever. According to new research out of the University of Michigan, giving can actually help you live longer.

“Our result strongly suggest that giving makes a difference in terms of health,” says psychologist(心理学者)Stephanie Brown of the university’s institute for social research.

The study found that older people who lend a hand to friends, neighbors or relatives, even if it amounts to little more than helping out around the house, reduce their risk of dying by nearly 60% compared to those who never offer any help to anyone else.

But Brown admits she doesn’t have a tidy answer for why giving of yourself might extend your life span.

“One possibility is that helping others produces positive(积极的)emotions, which in turn protects us against the negative effects of cardiovascular(.心脏血管的) stress,” she says. Another possibility is that giving just makes us feel good. Robert Cialdini, a psychologist at Arizona State University, calls it “helper’s high”.

It may also be that the simple act of giving strengthens our relationships with others, which many regard as one key to healthy living.

Whatever the cause, the message is pretty clear. Giving has what Cialdini calls an egoistic benefit.”

1. What does “it” in bold refer to ?

A. helping B. helper C. Arizona State University

D. giving just makes us feel good

2. By saying “even if it amounts to little more than helping out around the house,” the writer means ____________.

A. even if you do some cleaning around the house for others

B. even though it is just helping out around the house

C. even if it amounts to only a few times.

D. Even though you don’t lend an hand to others

3. Which of the following is not mentioned in the passage as one of the possible causes of why giving can save your life?

A. Giving produces positive emotions.

B. Helping others protects us against the negative effects of cardiovascular stress.

C. Giving means getting in a manner of speaking.

D. Giving strengthens our relations with others and makes us feel good.

Passage 82 The origin of Aids

Nothing comes of nothing, and so AIDS must come from something and, indeed, somewhere. A paper just published in nature provides what appear to be the answers to these questions. The disease spread to people from chimpanzees(黑猩猩) in equatorial Africa.

This result comes as little surprise. It has been known for years that HIV-S (the type of human immunodeficiency virus which causes most cases of AIDS) is, in effect, just another simian（猿） immunodeficiency（免疫缺陷） virus (SIV) of the sort that infect monkeys and apes. It was also known the AIVs most closely resembling HIV-1 are found in chimpanzees. (Another human AIDS virus, not that closely related, and known as HIV-2, comes from a monkey called the first cases of AIDS, including one that dated back to 1959 but was properly analyzed only a year ago, came from Africa, the strong presumption(假定) is that Africa is where the disease started.

But chimpanzee SIVs are. Until now, only three had been identified in laboratory animals of uncertain provenance. The discovery of the fourth case, by a team of researchers from America, Britain and France, led by Beatrice Hahn of the University of Alabama at Birmingham-together with a more detailed investigation of where each of the apes in question came from has cleared the details up.

The genetic material of the four chimpanzee SIVs suggests that three of them, including the new one, are closely related. The fourth belongs to a different branch of the SIV family tree. And by analyzing genes from the chimpanzees themselves, Dr. Hahn and her colleagues have shown that the three related SIVs come from a subspecies that lives mainly in Gabon, Cameroon and Equatorial Guinea. The outlying virus was found in a second sub-species that exists further east.

It is probably no coincidence that the part of Africa where the related SIVs come from is the only place on earth where all three of the basic types of HIV-1—known as M, N and O-- are found. Fortunately for the rest of humanity, only type M has spread from its homeland. The other two are still confined locally.

Analysis of the part of the SIV family tree containing the three related SIVs and the three basic types of HIV-1 shows that all six are close kin, and that the three types of HIV-1 seem to have had different origins within the western chimpanzee SIV group. That suggests the M, N and O strains each made an independent leap from chimp to man.

Other than sexual contact, the only way to transmit these viruses is via blood. The best guess, therefore, is that AIDS has spread to man as a result of people hunting chimpanzees for food----a practice, often bloody, that continues to this day.

Unfortunately, this hunting now risks exterminating the very population that infected humanity in the first place to find out why chimpanzees do not get ill from HIV-1, Where people do. Ironic, really.

1. Africa is where the AIDS started because ______

A. The first cases of AIDS came from Africa.

B. HIV-2, not very closely related to SIV, comes from a monkey in Africa.

C. HIV-2, not very closely related to SIV, comes from a monkey in Africa.

D. Both A and B

2. Which type of HIV-1 has spread from its homeland and threatened people’s heath? _______

A. N

B. O

C. M

D. Both A and B

3. The AIDS viruses are transmitted by __________

A. sexual contact

B. via blood

C. body contact

D. both A and B

4. The paragraph following the passage most probably discuss _______

A. The prevention of HIV transmission

B. AIDS indifferent countries

C. How the scientists make research on chimpanzees

D. How DIDS transmit these years

Passage 83 Living a long life

In the Caucasus region of Russia, nearly 50 out of every 100,000 people live to celebrate their 100th birthday, and many don’t stop at 100! By comparison, in America only 3 people in 100, 000 reach 100. But these Russian old people aren’t alone. The Pakistanis, who live high in the Himalaya Mountains, and the Ecuadorans of the Andes Mountains seem to share the secret of long life, too.

These people remain healthy in body and spirit despite the passage of time. While many older persons in industrial societies become weak and ill in their 60s and 70s, some Caucasians aged 100 to 140, work in the fields beside their great-great-grandchildren. Even the idea of aging is foreign to them. When asked “at what age does youth end?” most of these old people had no answer. Several replied, “Well, perhaps at age 80.”

What accounts for this ability to survive to such old age, and to survive so well? First of all, hard physical work is a way of life for all of these long-lived people. They begin their long days of physical labor as children and never seem to stop. For example, Mr. Rustam Mamedov is 142 years of age. His wife is 116 years old. They have been married for 90 years. Mr. Mamedov has no intention of retiring from his life as a farmer. “Why? What else would I do?” he asks.

All these people get healthful rewards from the environment in which they work. They all come from mountainous regions. They live and work at elevations of 1,660 to 1,000 meters above sea level. The air has less oxygen and is pollution-free. This reduced-oxygen environment makes the heart and blood vessel system stronger.

Another factor that may contribute to the good health of these people is their isolation. To a great extent. They are separated from the pressures and worries of industrial society.

Inherited factors also play some role. Most of the longest-lived people had parents and grandparents who also reached very old ages. Good family genes may, therefore, be one factor in living longer.

It is clear that isolation from urban pressures and pollution, clean mountain air, daily hard word, moderate diets, good genes, and a youthful approach to life all contribute to the health and long life of all these people.

1. In the Causasus region of Russian, how many people can reach 100 in 100,000? ______

A. 50

B. 3

C. 100

D. 100,000

2. Some Caucasians aged 100 to 140 ___________-

A. become weak

B. become ill

C. become old

D. work in the fields

3. What is the way of life for all of these long-lived people? ____-

A. Retiring from their lives as farmers

B. Having been married for 90 years

C. No intentions

D. Hard physical work

4. At elevations of 1,220 to 1,000 meters above sea level, the air ______

A. has less oxygen

B. is pollution

C. is pollution-free

D. both A and C

5. What contribute to the health and long life of all these people? _______-

A. Clean mountain air

B. Daily hard work

C. Good genes

D. All of above

Passage 84 Companionship of books

A man may usually be known by the books he reads as well as by the company he keeps; for there is a companionship of books as well as of men; and one should always live in the best company, whether it be of books or of men.

A good book may be among the best of friends. It is the same today that it always was, and it will never change. It is the most patient and cheerful of companions. It does not turn its back upon us in times of adversity or distress. It always receives us with the same kindness, amusing and instructing us in youth, and comforting and consoling us in age.

Books possess an essence of immortality. They are by far the most lasting products of human effort. Temples and statues decay, but books survive. Time is of no account with great thoughts, which are as fresh today as when they first passed through their author’s minds ages ago. What was then said and thought still speaks to us as vividly as ever from the printed page. The only effect of time has been to sift out the bad products; for nothing in literature can long survive but what is really good.

Books introduce us into the best society; they bring us into the presence of the greatest minds that have ever lived. We hear what they said and did; we see them as if they were really alive; we sympathize with them, enjoy with them, grieve with them; their experience becomes ours, and we feel as if we were, in a measure, actors with them in the scenes which they describe.

The great and good do not die even in this world. Embalmed in books, their spirits walk abroad. The book is a living voice. It is an intellect to which one still listens. Hence we ever remain under the influence of the great men of old. The imperial intellects of the world are as much alive now as they were ages ago.

1. Why is a book the best of friends? _____

A. because it will never change.

B. Because it is the most patient and cheerful of companions.

C. Because it doesn’t turn its back upon us.

D. All of above.

2. Which of the following about books is true? ________

A. Books can decay.

B. Books are bad products.

C. Books possess an essence of immortality.

D. Temples survive the same as books.

3. A man may usually be known by _________

A. the books he reads

B. the temples

C. the statues

D. time

4. Why don’t the great and good person die even in the world? _______

A. Because they are much alive.

B. Because they like books.

C. Because their spirits are embalmed in books.

D. Because they are statues

5. From the passage, the author wants to tell us ________

A. How to make friends

B. Books are our friends

C. The great and good not die in this world

D. How to read books

Passage 85 Choosing an occupation

In my opinion a man’s first duty is to find a way of supporting himself,

Thereby relieving other people of the necessity of supporting him. Moreover, the learning to do work of practical value in the world, in an exact and careful manner, is of itself a very important education, the effects of which make themselves in all other pursuits. The habit of doing that which you do not care about when you would much rather be doing something else, is invaluable. It would have saved me a frightful waste of time if I had ever had it drilled into me in youth.

Success in any scientific career requires an unusual equipment of capacity, industry, and energy. If you possess that equipment, you will find leisure enough after your daily commercial work is over, to make an opening in the scientific ranks for yourself. If you do not, you had better stick to commerce. Nothing is less to be desired than the fate of a young man who, as Scotch proverb says, in “trying to make a spoon spoils a horn”, and becomes a mere hangeron in literature or in science, when he might have been a useful and a valuable member of society in other occupations.

1. In the author’s opinion a man’s first duty is _____

A. To find a job

B. To find a way of supporting himself

C. To find other people of supporting him

D. To find a good habit

2. What is invaluable habit? ________

A. To do something you don’t care about.

B. To do something you like

C. Doing something that you don’t care about when you would much rather be doing something.

D. None of above

3. Success in any scientific career requires _______

A. An unusual equipment of capacity

B. Industry

C. Energy

D. All of above

4. The author suggests that you had better stick to commerce because _______

A. You don’t possess that equipment

B. You won’t find leisure enough

C. You possess that equipment

D. You make an opening in the scientific ranks for yourself

Passage 86 Good manners

No man is an island. More than anything else, what keeps us from being out off from our fellows on separate island is our ability to communicate with each other. Through communication we build bridges into other people’s minds and thus share experiences. The best and most useful way to sound communication is common courtesy, that is, good manners. This includes politeness, respect, helpfulness, thoughtfulness, understanding and tact.

Be polite to everyone, no matter who he is. Greet people pleasantly, and remember to smile. A smile on your face will make your appearance more welcome, and people will probably smile in return, too. Don’t be rude or insulting or demanding. Even if you are angry or upset, patience and politeness will usually get you further than threats and insults.

Show respect for everyone, male and female, young and old, and especially your elders. Speak to them respectfully, and do not interrupt them. Listen to their advice. When you behave this way, you will most likely have earned the same respect.

Be helpful whenever you can. Hold the door for one whose arms are full of packages. Offer to help an old lady across the street. If someone asks you for directions take the time to help him if you can. This will brighten both his day and yours.

Be thoughtful and understanding. Imagine yourself in the other person’s place. Respect the needs, wishes, and opinions of other people. Consider their feelings, and don’t do or say things that will hurt them.

Often it is better to be tactful than totally honest. For example, if a woman with a very ugly hat asks you whether you like it, it is nice to say, “well, it certainly looks nice on you” than to say, “No, that’s the ugliest hat I have ever seen!” Be kind to others, and you will be admired for your kindness.

Having good manners makes things easier. When you are nice to people, they are nice in return. Show them common courtesy, and they will do the same for you.

1. What keeps us from being out off from our fellows?

A. It is our ability to communicate with each other.

B. It is politeness

C. It is thoughtfulness.

D. It is helpfulness.

2. Be polite to everyone means __________

A. Threatening

B. Insulting

C. Smiling

D. Demanding

3. Which of the following isn’t respectful? ______

A. Speak to everyone respectfully.

B. Do or say things that will hurt others.

C. Offer to help an old lady across the street.

D. Hold the door for one whose arms are full of packages.

4. If a woman with a very ugly hat asks you whether you like it, it is better ______

A. To say “No, that’s the ugliest hat I have ever seen!”

B. To be totally honest

C. To hurt her

D. To say “Well, it certainly looks nice on you.”

5. Having good manners makes things ________

A. terrible

B. difficult

C. easier

D. ugly

Passage 87 Money is not so important

A newspaper published a letter from a father who said his son dislikes him because he doesn’t earn much money and feels unhappy when he sees his classmates wearing famous brand clothes or being driven to school in a car.

When they have something new or expensive, instead of enjoying it for themselves, some people like to show it off. They take great pleasure and feel more wealthy if others don’t have the same thing. Children especially are often cruel to other children.

Many children can’t go to school because their families have no money to buy books and pencils. This is not only true in China. When I started do teach, one of my 16 years old students used to attend school one week out of two. Then, we discovered that her sister attended every other week. In fact, they had only one pair of shoes to share…How lucky we were, for we could go to school every day, grow up healthy, learn how to become a good citizen and serve society.

Children who blame their parents should know that there are some crippled children that are taken to a far place by their parents who are too poor to take care of them and just abandoned them. They should also know that there are 10 or 14-year-old children whose parents are dead or sick, and who have to make their own living, alone in the city, selling things for twelve hours a day and sleeping in the train station at night. These children would envy those who complain about their situation.

In a country, not all the people can become rich at the same time. Some have to wait, but those who succeed first must help the others. We should teach our children not to think only of themselves but of the whole country.

Egoistic children who want to live like little princes and princesses break their parents’ hearts. I would like to tell them: Your parents work hard and do their best. They care for your health and for your studies because they love you. They may not have much money, but it’s clean money. An easy material life often ruins the character and produces lazy people

China is now in a very important period of its history. Today’s children will be tomorrow’s leaders. They should prepare themselves well; we need them and want to be proud of them.

1. According to the second paragraph, when they have something new or expensive, they _____

A. enjoy it

B. feel unhappy

C. show it off

D. dislike it

2. The phrase “one week out of two” in the third paragraph means _______

A. Once a week

B． once every other week

C． twice a week

D. twice every other week

3. Why did the girl attend school one week out of two, then her sister attended every other week? ______

A. Because they had only one pair of shoes to share.

B. Because they had no money to buy books and pencils.

C. Because they were unlucky.

D. Because they disliked school.

4. Which of the following statements about miserable children isn’t true? ______

A. Some children are abandoned because their parents are too poor to take care of them

B. Some children have to make their own living because their parents are dead or sick.

C. Some children sell things for twelve hours a day and sleep in the train station at night

D. These children complain about their situation.

5. What should we teach our children? ______-

A. We should teach our children to think of the whole country.

B. We should teach our children to think of only of themselves.

C. We should teach our children how to earn much money.

D. We should teach our children to have to wait.

Passage 88 How to solve personal problems

Some people who find themselves unable to solve a problem react by just giving up. But it is not good to escape from problems for failures. You may be sure that all young people go through the same difficult process that you are going through: meeting new situations, developing new skills, and testing their abilities.

If you are unhappy about something, face it. Try to state the problem in a few words, so that you will know exactly what you are up against. Then see if you can “put your finger” on the cause of your unhappiness.

In many cases, we only “think” there is no solution to a particular problem. But often we can overcome the problem and achieve the goal by making a direct attack.

For example, a boy wanted to be a debater. When he tried out for the debating team as a freshman, the coach thought he was hopeless. He was shy; he had a high-pitched voice; and his posture was poor. Although he was given little hope of success, he took advantage of every opportunity to debate. He studied successful speakers and sized up his own weaknesses and assets. Then be spent many hours learning all the facts on the topics for debate, and worked at developing good posture and at debating team, and in his senior year he was on the winning team in his state. He achieved his goal because he had made a direct attack upon his problem.

Although direct attack is often the best way to meet problems, we have to be realistic in judging situations. Sometimes it is necessary to change either the tactics or the goal

A boy who wants to be a great football player may be too light and not quite fast enough for football. In this situation, becoming a great football player may be an unreasonable goal for him. However, he may become outstanding in tennis or golf, and satisfy his desire to take part in sports.

A girl who has plain features may decide that she cannot win popularity with her face, and so she may try to develop an interesting personality, which eventually will get her much further. In this situation, she must change her method of achieving her goal.

So, although direct attack is often the best way to handle problems, it is important to study the situation and make a wise decision about what to do.

1. When some people who find themselves unable to solve a problem, they often _______

A. meet new situations

B. give up

C. develop new skills

D. test their abilities

2. If you are unhappy about something, the author thinks _______

A. You should give it up

B. You should escape from it

C. You should face it

D. You should make excuses

3. From the example, why can the boy achieve his goal? ______

A. Because he had made a direct attack upon his problem.

B. Because he was shy

C. Because he had a high-pitched voice

D. Because his posture was poor

4. A boy who maybe light and quite fast enough for football becomes a great football player may be ____

A. possible

B. outstanding

C. reasonable

D. unreasonable

5. A girl who has plain features wants to win popularity. She should _____

A. become outstanding in golf

B. depend on her face

C. try o develop an interesting personality

D. become outstanding in tennis

Passage 89 About rewards

Psychologists take opposing views of how external rewards, from warm praise to cold cash, affect motivation and creativity. Behaviorists, who study the relation between actions and their consequences argue that rewards can improve performance at work and school. Cognitive researchers, who study various aspects of mental life, maintain that rewards often destroy creativity by encouraging dependence on approval and gifts from others.

The latter view has gained many supporters, especially among educators. But the careful use of small monetary rewards sparks creativity in grade-school children, suggesting that properly presented inducements indeed aid inventiveness, according to a study in the June Journal of Personality and Social Psychology.

“If kids know they’re working for a reward and can focus on a relatively challenging task, they show the most creativity,” says Robert Eisenberger of the University of Delaware in Newark, “But it’s easy to kill creativity by giving rewards for poor performance or creating too much anticipation for rewards.”

A teacher who continually draws attention to rewards or who hands out high grades for ordinary achievement ends up with uninspired students, Eisenberger holds. As an example of the latter point, he notes growing efforts at major universities to tighten grading standards and restore failing grades.

In earlier grades, the use of so-called token economies, in which students handle challenging problems and receive performance-based points toward valued reward, shows promise in raising effort and creativity, the Delaware psychologist claims.

1. According to the passage, which is true?

A. All the researchers performance at work and school.

B. All the researchers think that rewards often destroy creativity.

C. Among the educators they think rewards can destroy creativity.

D. Even the careful use of a small money is harmful to the creativity.

2. What’s the meaning of “approval”? ________

A. Praise.

B. Happy.

C. Blame.

D. Feeling

3. According to the passage, which is true?

A. It doesn’t matter we give reward to the children according to their performances.

B. A reward will help a child increase his creativity.

C. In early grades, we can’t give children any rewards.

D. It doesn’t matter whether we tighten grading standards at university.

Passage 90 A blood donation is gift of life

When I arrived in Beijing more than five years ago, I had already given blood 79 times. I wanted to continue to be a donor and asked around if there was a Red Cross clinic in Beijing. There was one, and I went. I was very surprised to be received as a hero; for me, a blood donation was simply a good habit and a gift of love to Humanity.

In Canada, donors can give 450ml each time every 51 days. That means six times a year. In China, we can give only 200ml, every four months.

In 1984, there were only 19 donors in Beijing who offered their blood for free. One year later, there were 141. In 1986, 1,083, and so on until the figure reached 10,046 in 1990,14,016 in 1992 and more than double that the following year. There were 41,037 in 1994, and my statistics stop here. I’m so glad to see that the Chinese have understood that giving blood is not dangerous, and that it’s a way to say, in a real communist spirit, “brother, I love you”.

In fact, every time I give blood, I think of my blood running in a man or a woman’s veins, someone who has become my brother or my sister through a transfusion. Thirteen Chinese have become my relatives now; isn’t that great? Giving blood is like giving birth. Some of these thirteen people may have died without my donation; doesn’t that make it worth becoming a volunteer? What makes me ever more happy is when I can convince a Chinese friend to come with me and become a donor too.

1. UP till now, how many times have the author given blood?

A. 79

B. 51

C. 13

D. 92

2. The amount a donor gives in Canada a year is that a donor gives in China ______

A. two years

B. about 3.5 years

C. half a years

D. about 4.5 years

3. From the third passage we can infer that ________

A. before 1984, most Chinese thought giving blood was a dangerous thing

B. in 1993, the number of donors who offered blood for free was less than 28032

C. donors are received as heroes

D. people like to give blood

4. In the passage, the author stated but didn’t say directly that _________

A. the number of people who offered blood in Canada is larger than that in China

B. a donor only gives blood for free to his brothers or sisters

C. more and more Chinese have understood the meaning of giving blood

D. a blood donation is a good habit

5. The author went to a Red Gross clinic when he (or she) arrived in Beijing five years ago because ______

A. the author wanted to sell blood

B. the author wanted to continue to give blood for free

C. the author went to see an old friend

D. the author wanted to see a doctor

专题九 生活保健练习答案及详解

Passage 81 1. D 2. B 3. C

乐于助人延年益寿。

1． 指代关系。答案：D。

2． 句义理解。答案：B。

3． 判定题。答案：C。

Passage 82 1. D 2. C 3. D 4. A

研究爱滋病的起源，对爱滋病的防治有着重要意义。

1． 从文章一二段提供的细节判定，答案：D。

2． 细节题。第五段最后两句提供信息源。

3． 细节题。文章第六段介绍爱滋病传染途径。

4． 推理题。了解文章的中心。文章着重讲了爱滋病的起源极其传播，按逻辑下面要写的是如何防治爱滋病。

Passage 83 1. A 2. D 3. D 4. D 5. D

长寿有秘诀吗？

1． 细节题。答案：A。

2． 细节题。答案：D

3． 细节题。答案：D。

4． 细节题。答案：D。

5． 推理题。答案：D。

Passage 84 1. D 2. C 3. A 4. C 5. B

以书为友，但也要“择其善者而从之”。

1． 细节题。答案：D。

2． 细节题。答案：C。

3． 细节题。答案：A。

4． 细节题。答案：C。

5． 主旨题。全文的主题是以书为友。

Passage 85 1. B 2. C 3. D 4. A

为选择职业，我们应该趁年轻做些什么？

1． 细节题。答案：B。

2． 细节题。理解文中The habit of doing that which you do not care about when you would much rather be doing something else, is invaluable.一句得到答案。

3． 细节题。答案：C。

4． 推断题。答案：A。

Passage 86 1. A 2. C 3. B 4. D 5.

什么是GOOD MANNERS？学点处世要决吧。

1． 细节题。答案：A。

2． 细节题。答案：C。

3． 细节题。答案：B。

4． 细节题。答案：D。

5． 细节题。答案：C。

Passage 87 1. C 2. B 3. A 4. D 5. A

钱并不那么重要，舒适的物质生活往往会腐化人的品质。

1． 细节题。答案：C。

2． 词义理解。答案：B。

3． 细节题。答案：A。

4． 判定题。答案：D。

5． 推断题。答案：A。

Passage 88 1. B 2. C 3. A 4. D 5. C

碰到难题，正确的态度是直面困难，达到目标，决不放弃。

1． 细节题。答案：B。

2． 细节题。答案：C。

3． 推理题。文章第四段给出答案：A。

4． 细节题。答案：D。

5． 细节题。答案：C。

Passage 89 1. C 2. A 3. B

关于奖励人们有不同的态度和看法。

1． 判定题。答案：C。

2． 猜词义。答案：A。

3． 判定题。答案：B。

Passage 90 1. D 2. D 3. A 4. C 5. B

你对献血有什么看法？

1． 计算题。答案：D。

2． 计算题。答案：D。加拿大一年六次，每次450ml；中国一年三次，每次200ml。

3． 判定题。答案：A。

4． 推理题。答案：C。

5． 细节题。答案：B。