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九、隐含比较级
有时比较级并不一定出现than，这时通过上下文可喑示出，如：—Of the two oranges, which do you choose? —I like the larger one.这里的larger one是指前边提到的两个当中的较大的一个。而且有些形容词在表示比较的时候，跟“to”而不用“than”
1. prior to 较早的，较重要的
The task is prior to all others. 这项任务比其他所有的任务都重要。
I called on him prior to my departure. 动身前我去看了他一趟。
2. superior to优越，高于
In math he felt superior to John. 他觉得自己数学比约翰强。
They were resolved to rise superior to every obstacle. 他们决心战胜一切困难。
3. inferior to 下等的，次的
These apples are inferior in flavour to those. 这些苹果的味道不如那些。
4. senior to 年长的，地位高的；junior年幼的，地位低的，迟的
He is two years senior to me. 他比我大两岁。
Her appointment is junior to mine by six weeks. 她的任命比我迟六星期。
5. preferable to 更好的
Health without riches is preferable to riches without health.贫穷但健康要比富有却多病更可取。
6. prefer…to 更倾向于…
I prefer this to that. 我喜欢这个而不喜欢那个。
十、其他有关比较的习惯表达法
1. “as ＋形容词(副词)＋as possible”结构，表示“最…，尽可能…”：“as quickly as possible”(尽量快)
2. “ sooner or later”是成语，表示“迟早、早晚”
3. “would rather ＋动词原形＋than …”是惯用句型，表示“宁愿…而不愿…”，由于连词than 要求前后所比较的成分要一致
十一、最高级的用法
1. 三者或三者以上相比，表示最高程度时，用“the + 最高级+ 表示范围的介词短语”的结构表示。这种句式一般常有表示比较范围的介词短语。如：
Zhang Hua is the tallest of the three. He works(the)hardest in his class.
2. 最高级可被序数词以及much、by far、nearly、almost 、by no means、not quite、not really、nothing like等词语所修饰。如：
This hat is by far / much / nearly / almost / not nearly / by no means / not quite / nothing like the biggest.
How much did the secon most expensive hat cost?
3. 表示"最……之一",用"one of the+形容词最高级+复数名词".例如:
The Great Wall of China is one of the greatest buildings in the world.中国的长城是世界上最伟大的建筑之一.
This is one of the most interesting books that I've ever read.这是我读过的最有趣的书之一.
4. 表示“最高程度”的形容词，如excellent、extreme、perfect等，没有最高级，也不能用比较级。
5. 形容词最高级修饰作表语或介词宾语的名词、代词时，被修饰的词往往省略。如：He is the tallest(boy)in his class.
5. 形容词最高级前面必须加定冠词the,但当形容词最高级前面有物主代词修饰时,则不加the.例如:
(正)This is my best friend. (误)This is my the(the my) best friend.
这是我最好的朋友. (正)Today is the happiest day of my life.
(误)Today is happiest day of my life.
今天是我生命中最快乐的一天
6. 作状语的副词最高级前可以不加定冠词。如：
Of all the boys he came(the)earliest.
注意：1）使用最高级要注意将主语包括在比较范围内。
(错)Tom is the tallest of his three brothers.
(对)Tom is the tallest of the three brothers.
2）very可修饰最高级，但位置与much不同。
This is the very best. This is much the best.
3）序数词通常只修饰最高级，表示“第几”之意
Africa is the second largest continent. China is the third largest country in the world.
The Yellow River is the second longest river in China.
句型转换：Mike is the most intelligent in his class.
Mike is more intelligent than any other students in his class.
4）by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面, 如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。
He is taller by far than his brother. He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
十二、几组重要的词语辨析
1. very 和much的区别。
1）可分等级的形容词和副词前使用very不用much。
2）表示状态的过去分词前用very。a very frightened boy, a very tired child, a very complicated problem,
3）用于系动词之后多用much、very much / greatly等修饰。如：We were greatly shocked by the news about Tom.
I was much amused by Jack’s attitude。
4）too前用much或far,不用very。You are much / far / a lot too nice.另外，在too many / much, too few / little前用far。
There’s far too little opportunity for adventue these days.We’ve got far too many eggs and far too few egg cups.
2. ago、before: ago表示以现在为起点的“以前”；before指以过去或将来的某时刻为起点的“以前”。泛指“以前”用before而不用ago。
3. already、yet、still: already表示某事已经发生；yet表示期待某事发生；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句。
4. too、also、either: too和also用于肯定句，too多用于口语，also多用于书面语，either用于否定句。
5. good、well: 与good不同的是，well作形容词，只能在系动词后作表语，表示“身体状况好”，也作副词修饰动词。
6. quick、fast:作形容词皆表“快”。fast多指运动的物体，含持续的意思。quick多指一次动作的敏捷、突然，而且持续的时间较短。
7. real、true:形容词表“真的”。real强调真实存在的而不是幻想的，在句中常作定语；true指与事实标准和实际情况相符合，在句中作表语或定语。
8. hard、difficult:均表“困难”，但hard通常指体力上困难；difficult则指智力或技能上的困难，困难程度大于hard。它们都可作定语和表语。
十三、关于原级形容词要记住下列固定的修饰结构：
1. 修饰绝对意义的形容词，一般不用very,而用quite completely、well、entirely。如：quite wrong(mistaken, sure)、completely dead、quite impossible、quite perfect等。
2. 修饰以a-开头的形容词，多有特殊的修饰词：quite alone, very much alone, wide awake, fast asleep, very much afraid。
3. 修饰一些特殊形容词的修饰语有：be well worth, much the same, freezing cold, quite different, terribly cold / frightening。
十四、和形容词、副词相关的考点
1. so … that … 与such … that … 的区别。
so + 形容词 / 副词 + that …
so + 形容词 + a（n）+ 单数可数名词 + that …
so + many / much / little / few + 名词 + that …
such + a(n)+ 形容词+单数可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 不可数名词 + that …
such + 形容词 + 复数名词 + that …
注意：下列结构中只能用so不可用such,当名词前有many、much、little、few等表示“多、少”的词修饰时，如 so much progress、so many people、so little food、so few apples等。但当little表示“小”时用such。如：These are such little boys that they can’t dress themselves.
下列so的用法是错误的：so a diffcult problem,so difficult problems, so hot weather。
2. "否定词语+比较级"，"否定词语+ so… as"结构表示最高级含义。
Nothing is so easy as this. =Nothing is easier than this. =This is the easiest thing.
3. 与more有关的几个句型
1）more B than A=less A than B 与其说A不如说B。例如：
He is more lazy than slow at his work. = He is less slow than lazy at his work. 他工作时，与其说是反应慢不如说是懒。
2）no more… than… 与……一样……，不比……多。例如：
The officials could see no more than the Emperor. 官员们看到的和皇帝一样多。
3）no less… than…与……一样……。例如：
He is no less diligent than you. 他和你一样勤勉。
4）more than不只是，非常。例如：
She is more than kind to us all. 她对我们非常热心。
注意：“no+比较级+than…”和“not +比较级+than…”所表示的意思不相同, 前者表示“和…一样不…”(即两者都不…), 后者表示“不比…更… ”(仅否定前者, 即表示前者不如后者)
His English is no better than mine. (两人的英语都不好)
His English is not better than mine. 他的英语不如我的英语好(仅否定 “他的英语”)
He is no taller than I.他和我一样不高./ He is not taller than I.他不如我高.
注意：有时用比较级表示最高级的意思, 如：
It can’t be safer.再安全不过了. She can’t be more beautiful. 她简直美极了
He works harder than the other students in his class.
He works harder than any other student in his class.
4. 形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词，或不加冠词，不表比较，表示“非常”。如：
He is a most clever young policeman.(a most=very)
The film is most interesting.(most=very)
5.由as / so组成的形容词或副词短语。
1）as much as + 不可数名词数量。
Each stone weighs as much as fifteen tons.
She could earn as much as ten dollars a week.
2）as many as + 可数名词数量 多达
I have as a many as sixteen referrence books.
3）as early as早在
As early as the twelfth century the English began to invade the island.
4）as far as远到；就……而知（论）
We might go as far as (走到)the church and back.
As far as I know（就我所知），he has been there before.
5）may (might, could)as well不妨、不如
Then you might as well stay with us here.
6）as … as can be到了最……的程度，极其
They are as unreliable as they can be.他们极其不可信。
7）as … as one can
He began to run, as fast as he could.
8）as … as possible
Just get them to finish up as quickly as possible.
6. "the+比较级+of the two…"两个中较……的一个.例如:
I'd like to go to the farther of the two places.我愿意去两个地方中更远的那个地方.
She is the fatter of the two girls.她是那两个女孩中较胖的一个.
练1 The weather in China is different from____.
A. in America B. one in America C. America D. that in America
答案：D. 本题意为"中国的天气比美国热。"比较的是天气而不是国家，C不能选。A没有名词，后句成分不全，排除。B和D中，B中的one常用来代替可数名词，而that可以代替不可数或抽象名词，所以选D。
练2 After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ___ tractors in 1988 as the year before.
A. as twice manyB. as many twiceC. twice as manyD. twice many as
答案C. 此句意为"这个厂1988能生产的拖拉机是往年的两倍"。 表示倍数用"倍数+ as + 形容词原形+ as +比较对象"的句型。所以此句答案为C。如：This ruler is three times as long as that one.
练3 It is generally believed that teaching is ___________it is a science.
A.an art much as B.much an art as
C.as an art much as D.as much an art as
解析：答案为D。本题可从考查形容词的同级比较点入手。在同级比较as…as句式中，如果as后面的形容词作定语且其所修饰的名词前有不定冠词时，该冠词须置于形容词之后，即形成“as + 形容词 + a / an + 单数可数名词 + as”结构。这道题在名词专题中也有解析，不同的是观察视角不同，应注意培养发散思维。
练4 It is always difficult being in a foreign country, __________if you don’t speak the language.(NMET 2000)
A.extremely B.naturally C.basically D.especially
解析：答案为D。本题考查副词的词义辨析。注意掌握词语的准确含义，结合语境进行分析。A项意为“极端地”；B项意为“自然地”；C项“基本上”；D项“尤其，特别地”。根据句意“如果你不会讲（它的）语言，在国外你就总会困难重重”可知答案。
练5 Professor White has written some short stories, but he is ____known for his plays.
A.the best B.more C.better D.the most
解析：答案为C。本题考查副词的比较级和最高级。要把握句式之间的联系，抓住句子的隐藏信息，结合语境进行分析。根据句意，句中but后应有一词组be well known for…。同时，应注意到前后两个分句把professor White的短篇小说和戏剧进行了对比，故应用well的比较级。
十五、几个常见易错易考句型
1．This is the last thing I would ever want to do． 这是我最不愿做的一件事情。
【析】“the last ＋to do；the last ＋定语从句”中的last的意思为“least willing/likely”，译为“最不愿意；最不可能”。
He’s the last man I want to see．他是我最不想见的人。
He is the last person to tell a lie．他是最不可能撒谎的人。
She’s the last woman I want to sit next to at dinner．她是我在宴会上最不愿与之挨着坐的女人。
2．One can’t be too honest． 人越老实越好。
【析】句中“cannot．．．too．．．”意为“无论怎样……也不过分”或“越……越好”。该句型中的not可以换成 hardly，never或scarcely；too可以换成 over或enough等，意思不变。You cannot be too careful．You cannot be over careful．＝You cannot be careful enough．你越仔细越好。
A man can never have too many friends．朋友越多越好。
3．It’s a wise man that never makes mistakes． 无论多么聪明的人，也难免犯错误。
【析】“It is a ＋形容词＋名词＋that．．．”结构是一个特殊的习惯用法，意思是“无论怎样的……也不……”。真正的句子意思与字面意思相反，它具有含蓄的让步意味，切不可望文生义、译成强调句型。
It’s a long lane that has no turning．无论怎样长的巷子也有转弯处。（引申意义为：耐心等待终会时来运转。）
It’s a good horse that never stumbles．再好的马也有失前蹄的时候。（引申意义为：金无足赤，人无完人。）
4I’m too anxious to know the result． 我极想知道结果。
【析】 英语中“too．．．to．．．”结构表示“太……以致不”的意思。例如：The star is too small to see．但是，如果too后形容词表示主语的状态、心理活动、情感态度（常见的有glad，easy，ready，anxious，eager， willing，happy等），并与其后的不定式构成固定搭配，这时too含有肯定意义，表示“very，extremely”的意思。
They are too anxious to leave．他们急于离去。
Mr．Smith was too eager to see her．史密斯先生极想见到她。
5．It’s three years since he was a teacher． 他不当教师已经三年了。
【析】在“It is some time since ＋主语＋谓语＋其它成分。”这一结构中，如果从句谓语动词是非延续性动词，那么时间的计算就从该动作的发生开始算起。
It‘s three years since he joined the army．他参军已经三年了。
如果从句谓语动词是延续性动词，时间就要从该动作的结束算起。
It’s many years since they lived here．他们不在这儿住已经好多年了。
6．All that glitters is not gold． 闪光的东西不一定都是金子。
【析】在句中当不定代词all，both，every及 every的复合词，副词always，often，entirely与 not一起使用时，表示部分否定，意思是“并非都是”，“不是每个人都”等。
I don’t remember all these formulas．这些公式我并非全都记得。
Every man cannot do it．并非每个人都能做这个。
I don’t entirely agree with you．我并不完全同意你的看法。
注意：当all，both，every等词和带im-，in-，un-，dis-等表示否定意义的前缀的词连用时，表示全部否定的意义。
All your answers are incorrect．你所有的答案都不正确。
表示全部否定时，我们常使用no，not，nobody，nothing，never，nowhere，neither等词。
None of the teachers smoke．这些老师都不抽烟。
7．The mountain is not valuable because it is high．山并不因为高而具有价值。（山不在高）
【析】含有原因状语从句的主从复合句，形式上虽然否定主句的谓语，然而意义上则是否定该原因状语，译为“并不因为……而……”。
You cannot walk away just because someone tells you he doesn’t want to buy．
你不能仅仅因为他告诉你不买就走开。
Galileo was not ready to accept it just because Aristotle had said so．
伽利略并不只是因为亚里斯多德说过某事如何如何，就轻易相信它。
8．I didn’t pretend to understand what he said． 我假装没懂他说的话。
【析】常用动词pretend，happen的否定形式有两种：既可以否定pretend，也可以否定其后的不定式，其意义不变。
I didn’t happen to be there．＝I happened not to be there．我恰巧不在那儿。
They didn’t pretend to see me when I went by．＝They pretended not to see me when I went by．当我经过的时候，他们假装没有看见我。
9Let’s have a rest under the big tree．It’s nice and cool here．
让我们在大树下歇会吧。这儿很凉快。
【析】nice and，good and都表示“很，非常，完全”的意思。and前的形容词实质上起副词作用，修饰后边的形容词，表示强调。
I am good and ready．我都准备好了。 It is good and cold in the morning．早上非常冷。
10. The doctor did what he could to save the patient.
【析】did what he could 中省略了do，其后的不定式作状语，表示目的。该句等于The doctor did all he could to save the patient.
He has done all he could to help us. 他已尽力帮助我们了。
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