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高一学生英语语法辅导
开封十中 张太仓
第十讲 代词
一、代词分类：英语代词分为以下九类: 人称代词, 物主代词, 反身代词, 指示代词, 不定代词, 相互代词，疑问代词, 关系代词，连接代词。
二、代词的用法
1. 人称代词
1）人称代词的形式: 人称代词有人称, 数和格的变化
我 我们 你/你们 他 她 它 他们/她们/它们
主格 I we you he she it they
宾格 me us you him her it them
2）人称代词的用法:
（1）主格的用法: 作主语, 表语
John waited a while but eventually he went home. 约翰等了一会儿，最后他回家了。
John hoped the passenger would be Mary and indeed it was she.
约翰希望那位乘客是玛丽，还真是她。
说明：在复合句中，如果主句和从句主语相同，代词主语要用在从句中，名词主语用在主句中，例如：
When he arrived, John went straight to the bank. 约翰一到就直接去银行了。
（2）宾格的用法: 在句子中作宾语或介词宾语，但在口语中也能作表语，第一人称在省略句中，还可以作主语，例如：
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her. 我看到她和他们在一起，至少我认为是她。（her做宾 语，them做介词宾语，her做表语）
-- Who broke the vase? -- Me.--我。--谁打碎了花瓶？（me做表语= It's me.）
说明：在上面两例句中，her和me分别作表语。现代英语中多用宾格，在正式文体中这里应为she和I。
（3）关于人称代词用法需注意的问题:
①.在than / as引导的比较状语从句中常有省略, 注意其中的人称代词作主语用主格, 作宾语用宾格. 在这类从句中, 在不引起误解的情况下, 有时用宾格代词代替主格代词
He likes Mary better than I ( like Mary ).他比我更喜欢玛丽
He likes Mary better than ( he likes ) me他喜欢我,更喜欢玛丽
He is taller than I / me.
②.在强调句中, 若被强调的部分是代词, 则其格不变, 如:
It was I that first opened the door this morning.
It was me that they talked about.
③.人称代词单独使用或是在not之后, 常用宾格
“ I like English. ” “ Me too.”
“ Would you like more wine ?” “ Not me.”
④.在同位语中, 人称代词的格视与之同位的词在句中的成分而定, 如:
We, Tom and I, showed her many wonderful pictures.
She showed us, Tom and me, many wonderful pictures.
⑤.人称代词在代替一些不定代词, 如: anybody, everybody, anyone, someone, no one, whoever及person等这些无明确对象的代词或名词时, 在正式场合用he / his / him代替, 在非正式场合用they / them / their代替。动物名词的指代一般用it或they代替，有时也用he, she，带有亲切的感情色彩。 如:
Nobody came, did he/they ? Whoever comes, tell him / them the news.
Give the cat some food. She is hungry.给这猫一些吃的。她饿了。
⑥.在be或to be之后的人称代词的格应根据它所指代的名词或代词在句中的成分而定
I thought it was she. / I thought it to be her.
I was taken to be she.我被当成了她. / They took me to be her.他们把我当成了她
⑦.在口语中常用宾格代词作表语
“ Who is that ? ” “ It is me. ”
⑧.they可指“有关的人” “人们”, 相当于people, 如:
They say the fire broke out at midnight. = People say the fire broke out at midnight. / It is said that the fire broke out at midnight.
⑨.三个人称代词同时出现时, 其顺序一般是: 你, 他/她, 我; 我们, 你们, 他们
You, he and I all enjoy music.
注意： 在下列情况中，第一人称放在前面。
A. 在承认错误，承担责任时，
It was I and John that made her angry. 是我和约翰惹她生气了。
B. 在长辈对晚辈，长官对下属说话时，如长官为第一人称， 如：I and you try to finish it.
C. 并列主语只有第一人称和第三人称时。
D. 当其他人称代词或名词被定语从句修饰时。
⑩ 指代车或国家，船舶的名词，含感情色彩时常用she。
2. 物主代词: 表示所有关系的代词称为物主代词
1）物主代词的形式: 物主代词有形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种
我的 我们的 你的/你们的 他的 她的 它的 他们的/她们的/它们的
形容词性物主代词 my our your his her its their
名词性物主代词 mine ours yours his hers theirs
2）物主代词的用法:
（1）形容词性物主代词相当于一个形容词, 作定语, 如:
John had cut his finger; apparently there was a broken glass on his desk. 约翰割破了手指，显而易见，他桌子上有个破玻璃杯。
（2）名词性物主代词相当于一个名词, 作主语, 表语, 宾语
His brother is a driver; mine is a worker.
The life I have is yours. It's yours. It's yours.我的生命属于你，属于你，属于你。
I love my motherland as much as you love yours. 我爱我的祖国就像你爱你的祖国一样深。
d. You should interpret what I said in my sense of the word, not in yours. 你应当按我所用的词义去解释我说的话，而不能按你自己的意义去解释。
（3）物主代词不可与 a, an, this, that, these, those, some, any, several, no, each, every, such, another, which等词一起前置，修饰一个名词，而必须用双重所有格。 公式为：a, an, this, that +名词+of +名词性物主代词, 如:
Wang Ling is a friend of mine. This baby of hers is so lovely.
（4）物主代词用法应注意的问题:
①.动名词的逻辑主语如果位于句首, 则多用物主代词, 如:
His coming late made everyone angry.
②.在介词后, 表示身体某部位或身上某位置的名词前, 用the而不用物主代词, 如:
I’ve hurt him in the finger.
He hit me on the back.
He caught me by the hair.
The man pulled me by the sleeve.揪住了我的衣袖.
3. 反身代词
1）反身代词的形式: I -- myself, we -- ourselves, you -- yourself, you -- yourselves, he -- himself, she -- herself, it -- itself, they -- themselves
2）反身代词的用法:
（1）作宾语:
A. 有些动词需有反身代词：absent, bathe, amuse, blame, dry, cut, enjoy, hurt, introduce, behave
We enjoyed ourselves very much last night.我们昨晚玩得很开心。
B. 用于及物动词+宾语+介词：take pride in, be annoyed with, help oneself to sth.
I could not dress (myself) up at that time.那个时候我不能打扮我自己。
Please help yourself to some fish. 请你随便吃点鱼。
注：有些动词后不跟反身代词， get up, sit down, stand up, wake up等。 Please sit down.请坐。
（2）在句中作名词或代词的同位语, 以加强名词或代词的语气, 一般表示 “亲自” “本人”
I am not myself today. 我今天不舒服。
The thing itself is not important.事情本身并不重要。
You had better ask Tom himself.
（3）在不强调的情况下，but, except, for 等介词后宾语用反身代词或人称代词宾格均可。如： No one but myself (me) is hurt.
注意： A. 反身代词本身不能单独作主语。
(错) Myself drove the car. (对) I myself drove the car.我自己开车。
B. 但在and, or, nor连接的并列主语中，第二个主语可用反身代词，特别是myself 作主语。 Charles and myself saw it.
（4）第二人称作宾语，要用反身代词。
You should be proud of yourself.你应为自己感到骄傲。
4. 指示代词
1）指示代词的形式: this, that, these, those, it, such, same
2）指示代词的用法:
（1）this / these常指时间, 空间或心理上较近的人或物, that / those常指时间, 空间或心理上较远的人或物
（2）this / these常指后面要提到的事物, 有启下的作用; 而that / those常指前面讲到过的事物, 有承上的作用
What I want to tell you is this: The meeting is put off until Friday.
He had a bad cold. That is why he didn’t attend the meeting.
（3）that / those还可用来代替上文出现过的名词.作此用法时, 它们的用法及与one / ones的对比见下表
代替什么词 替换成．．． 定语问题
one [C]单数 某名词 有前置定语或后置定语
ones [C]复数 某名词 有前置定语或后置定语
that [C]单数或[U] the +某名词 必无前置定语, 必有后置定语
those [C]复数 the +某名词 必无前置定语, 必有后置定语
The weather in Beijing is not so hot as that ( = the weather ) in Shanghai.
The population of China is a quarter of that ( = the population ) of the world.
The students in Class One work harder than those ( = the students ) in Class Two.
The question is an easy one. Which pencils do you want ? The red ones.
He has a new coat and several old ones.
I have lost my pen. I am going to buy one.
说明（1）指示代词在作主语时可指物也可指人，但作其他句子成分时只能指物，不能指人，例如：
(对)That is my teacher.那是我的老师。（ that作主语，指人）
(对)He is going to marry this girl.他要和这个姑娘结婚。（this作限定词）
(错)He is going to marry this.（this作宾语时不能指人）
(对)I bought this.我买这个。(this指物，可作宾语)
说明（2）that和those可作定语从句的先行词，但this和 these不能，同时，在作先行词时，只有those可指人，试比较：
(对) He admired that which looked beautiful.他赞赏外表漂亮的东西。
(对) He admired those who looked beautiful. 他赞赏那些外表漂亮的人。（those指人）
(错) He admired that who danced well.（that作宾语时不能指人）
(对) He admired those who danced well.他赞赏跳舞好的人。（those指人）
(对) He admired those which looked beautiful.他赞赏那些外表漂亮的东西。（those指物）
3）such的用法
（1）such代替或修饰可数与不可数名词都可
He is such a man. I don’t like such words. Such is our plan.
（2）such应位于no, one, another, some, many, all等词之后
One such grammar book is enough.
（3）such + a(n) + adj. + n结构等同于so + adj. + a(n) + n, 如:
It is such a good chance. =It is so good a chance.
（4）如果名词为[U], 则只能用such而不能用so, 如:
He has made such great progress. It was such good weather.
（5）如果名词被many / much / little / few（表示“多少”）四个词修饰, 则要用so而不用such, 如:
He has made so much progress.
4）the same的用法:
the same =同样(的), 可以作定语, 表语, 主语和宾语
They left for Beijing on the same day.
He will go to swim and I’ll do the same.
Whether he will come or not, it is all the same to me.
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