高一学生英语语法辅导
开封十中 张太仓
第九讲 形容词和副词
一、形容词及其用法
形容词修饰名词,说明事物或人的性质或特征。通常,可将形容词分成性质形容词和叙述形容词两类,其位置不一定都放在名词前面。
1、直接说明事物的性质或特征的形容词是性质形容词,它有级的变化,可以用程度副词修饰,在句中可作定语、表语和补语。例如:hot 热的。
2、叙述形容词只能作表语,所以又称为表语形容词。这类形容词没有级的变化,也不可用程度副词修饰。大多数以a开头的形容词都属于这一类。例如:afraid 害怕的。
(错)He is an ill man. (对)The man is ill.
(错)She is an afraid girl. (对)The girl is afraid.
这类词还有: well,unwell,ill,faint,afraid,alike,alive,alone,asleep,awake 等。
3、单个形容词作定语时,一般放在所修饰的名词之前,但在下列情况之下, 形容词应放在被修饰的词之后 1)形容词修饰不定代词something, nothing, anything等时应后置 Is there anything important in the article?
There is something difficult in the lesson. There is nothing wrong in your homework. 2)形容词修饰表示度量的名词应后置 The building is seventeen storeys high. He is ten years old. The street is five hundred meters long. 3)用and / or连接的两个形容词通常放在被修饰的名词之后, 起强调修饰语的作用 We will turn our motherland into a country, strong and modern. Every nation, big or small, has its rights. Power stations, large and small, have been set up all over the country. 4)有些过去分词形容词作定语时应后置, 如: given, left, won, missed等 None of the answers given (被给的答案) were correct. 5)表语形容词作定语时需后置, 如: alive, present, possible等 He is the greatest writer alive. He was the only person awake at the moment.
4、以-ly结尾的形容词
1)大部分形容词加-ly可构成副词。但 friendly友好的, lovely可爱的, weekly每周的, orderly有秩序的, brotherly兄弟般的, lively活泼的, lonely孤独的, likely可能的, deadly致命的, silly愚蠢的,orderly有顺序的, timely及时的等都是形容词。
改错:(错) She sang lovely. (对) Her singing was lovely.
(错) He spoke to me very friendly. (对) He spoke to me in a very friendly way.
2)有些以-ly 结尾既为形容词,也为副词。daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The Times is a daily paper. The Times is published daily.
5、形容词表示类别和整体
1)某些形容词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数连接。如:the dead,the living,the rich,the poor,the blind,the hungry
The poor are losing hope.
2)有关国家和民族的形容词加上定冠词指这个民族的整体,与动词的复数连用。 the British,the English,the French,the Chinese.
The English have wonderful sense of humor.
6、多个形容词修饰名词的顺序
其顺序为:限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --出处--材料性质,类别--名词,不少学生对如何排列形容词的顺序颇感困惑.在此,我们向同学们介绍一个简单的记忆方法.即请你记住"限观形龄色国材"这几个字,这似乎有点不大好记,那就请你记住"县官行令谢国材"吧.其含义分别是: "县"(限)代表限定词,包括冠词,指示代词,形容词性物主代词,名词所有格,数词等. "官"(观)代表表示观点的描绘性形容词,如:fine,beautiful,interesting等. "行"(形)代表表示大小,长短,高低及形状的形容词,如:small,tall,high,little,round等. "令"(龄)代表表示年龄,新旧的形容词,如:old,young等. "谢"("色"的近似音)代表表示颜色的形容词,如:white,black,yellow等. "国"代表表示国籍,地区,出处的形容词(名词),如:English,American,mountain等. "材"则代表形成中心名词的材料的形容词,如:stone,wooden,silk,plastic等。
a small round table a tall gray building a dirty old brown shirt
a famous German medical school an expensive Japanese sports car
练1:Tony is going camping with ___ boys.
A.little two other B. two little other C.two other little D.little other two
答案:C。由"限定词--数词--描绘词--(大小,长短,形状,新旧,颜色) --性质--名词"的公式可知数词,描绘词,性质依次顺序,只有C符合答案。
练2:One day they crossed the ____bridge behind the palace.
A. old Chinese stone B. Chinese old stone
C. old stone Chinese D. Chinese stone old
答案A. 几个形容词修饰一个名词,他们的排列顺序是:年龄,形状,大小+颜色+来源+质地+用途+国家+名词。
练3:---- How was your recent visit to Qingdao? ---- It was great. We visited some friends,and spent the ___days at the seaside.
A. few last sunny B. last few sunny C. last sunny few D. few sunny last
答案:B。本题考查多个形容词的排序问题。一般与被修饰形容词关系密切的形容词靠近名词;如果几个形容词的重要性差不多,音节少的形容词在前,音节多的方在后,在不能确定时,可参照下表:
限定词+数量词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+ 新旧+颜色+国籍+材料+名词
those + three + beautiful + large + square +old + brown + wood + table
7、形容词在句中的作用: 1)作定语: He is a great writer. This is an interesting book. I have something important to tell you. 2)作表语: The bridge is long and wide. It is getting warm. 3)作补语(宾语补足语或主语补足语): The news made her happy. We found the text very difficult. You should keep your classroom clean.
Your classroom should be kept clean. 4)the+adj表示某一类人或事物, 这种名词化的形容词起着名词的作用, 在句中可以作主语或宾语 We should respect the old and love the young.
The new will replace the old. The rich and the poor live in separate sections in London. 5)作前置补语(有些语法书上说是做状语): 形容词作前置补语时, 多用来说明一个名词或代词的情况 Unhappy with the result, he returned to work.
Long and tidy, his hair played in the breeze. Anxious for a quick decision, we called for a vote. 8、关于形容词的作用要注意的问题: 1)有些形容词只能作表语和补语, 不能象普通形容词那样作前置定语, 这样的形容词称为表语形容词, 如: alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, able, sure, ill, worth等词; 表语形容词作定语时需后置 2)有些形容词只能作定语, 不能作表语, 这样的形容词称为定语形容词, 如: golden, wooden, silken, live(活的), elder(年长的), former前任的, latter后者, front前面的, back后面的, outer外部的 3)形容词在句中的位置: 单个形容词作定语时, 一般放在被修饰的名词之前;两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时, 同种类形容词的排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况:
①和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词 It is a touching English film. ②音节少的形容词在前, 音节多的形容词在后
③形容词短语作定语时, 需要后置 He is a worker worthy of praise. This is a problem difficult to solve. She is a person always ready to help others.
二、应注意的形容词
1. 有些形相似、义相别的词 如:alone(独自地) lonely(孤独的) alive(活的) living(活生生的) lively(活跃的) blooming(花正开的) booming(繁荣的) credible(可靠的) creditable(高贵的) considerable(应考虑的;相当多的) considerate(体贴人的) desirous(想望的) desirable(合意的) efficient(有效力的) sufficient(足够的) exhaustive(彻底的) exhausting(使人筋疲力尽的) healthy(健壮的) healthful(有益健康的) healthily(旺盛地;相当大地) honorable(荣誉的) honorary(名誉的) historic(历史性的) historical(历史上的) imaginative(富于想象力的)imaginable可想象到的) imaginary(想象的) industrial(工业的) industrious(勤勉的) legible(易读的) eligible(合格的) later(较迟的) latter(后者的) likely(可能的) likable(可爱的) respectful(有礼貌的) respective(各自的) respectable(可尊敬的)respecting(说到、关于)
2. -ly 结尾的形容词:在英文里,有些形容词是以-ly 结尾的,不要误认为是副词。这类词常见的有:brotherly(友爱的) deadly(致命的) earthly(世俗的) friendly(友好的) likely(可能的) leisurely(空闲的) lovely(可爱的)manly(男子气概的) weekly(每周一次的) yearly(每年一次的)
3. 行为动词作系动词用时,后面要接行容词作表语。在英语动词中,有一部分行为动词可用作连系动词,后面应接形容词作表语,不要误用副词。这类常用作系动词的行为动词有下面几种情况: A. 表示"变成某种状态"的动词:become , come , fall , get , grow , make , prove , run ,turn , turn out例如: Our country becomes stronger and stronger. 我们的国家越来越强大。 Milk is liable to turn bad in summer .夏天,牛奶容易变质。 The child fell asleep . 孩子睡着了。 Our holidays come near . 我们的假期临近。 B. 表示"保持某种状态"的动词: continue , hold , keep , lie , remain , rest , sit , stand , stay 如:The weather continued cold .天气持续寒冷。 Hold still .不要动。
Keep still while I photograph you .我给你照相时,请不要乱动。 They remained quiet when they listened to the story .他们听故事时一直很安静。 C. 表示"感觉"的动词:appear , feel , look , seem , smell , sound , taste 例如: She appeared happy at the good news. 她听到这好消息时显得很高兴。 Silk feels soft. 绸子摸起来很软。 He looks unwell today .他今天看上去相似身体不适。 I am sure that the soup tastes good.
三、几种常见的形容词句型 1.形容词+介词+名词(或代词或动名词) I'm not interested in playing computer games.我对打电脑游戏不感兴趣. My parents are pleased with my studies.我父母对我的学习感到满意. 2.It is(was)+形容词+of/for+名词(或代词)+不定式 It's foolish of me to make such a mistake.犯这样的错误,我真是太傻了. It was kind of the driver to send the old man home.这位司机把老人送回家,他真是太好了. It's difficult for me to finish the work in a day.对我来说,一天之内完成这项工作很难. 3.形容词+不定式 常用于这种句型的形容词有:able,sure,lucky,ready,happy,likely等.例如: She is sure to pass the exam.她一定会通过考试的. I'm lucky to meet you here.我真幸运,能在这儿碰到你.
四、一些没有比较级的形容词
在英语中,有很多形容词没有比较级和最高级形式,所以它们的语义只能用形容词的原级来表示.分类如下: 1. 以-ly结尾的形容词,如daily(每日的),weekly(每周的),monthly(每月的),yearly(每年的),brotherly(兄弟般的),sisterly(姐妹般的)等. 2. 表示事物性质,材料成分的形容词,如wooden(木制的),silken(丝制的),woollen(羊毛制的),electric(电的),industrial(工业的)等. 3. 表示时间的形容词,如past(过去的),future(将来的),then(当时的),once(从前的),present(当今的)等. 4. 与几何形状有关的形容词,如round(圆的),vertical(垂直的),cubic(立方的),triangular(三角形的)等. 5. 表示国籍的形容词,如Chinese(中国的),American(美国的),Japanese(日本的),Russian(俄国的)等. 6. 表示方位的形容词,如eastern(东方的),western(西方的),middle(中间的),right(右边的),left(左边的)等. 7. 表示某种绝对状态的形容词,如dead(死的),deaf(聋的),blind(瞎的),dumb(哑的)等. 8. 表示"终极"意义的形容词,如such(这样的),whole(整个的),complete(完全的),thorough(彻底的)等. 9. 表示顺序和单一概念的形容词,如first(第一的),last(最后的),next(下一个的),following(以下的),only(惟一的)等. 10. 一些只作表语的形容词,如afraid(害怕的),asleep(睡着的),alive(活着的),awake(醒着的),ashamed(惭愧的)等. 11. 部分表示数量及不定量含义的形容词,如some(一些),several(几个的),certain(某一的)等.
五、部分形容词的用法比较 1.pleased, pleasing与pleasant pleased的含义是"(自己)感到满意,高兴",后常跟介词at,with.例如: I'm pleased to see you here.在这儿见到你很高兴. She's pleased with our programme.她对我们的节目很满意. pleasing表示"令人欣喜的",相当于"giving pleasure".例如: My sister's progress in dancing is pleasing.我姐姐在舞蹈方面的进步令人高兴. The baby has a pleasing voice.这个婴儿的声音很悦耳. pleasant表示"快乐的,愉快的".例如: The girl has a pleasant childhood.这个女孩有一个快乐的童年. To have a pleasant holiday is my favorite.过一个愉快的假期是我最喜欢的. 2. living, alive与live living作定语时,既可置于所修饰的名词之前,也可置于所修饰的名词之后,译为"活着的,当代的".在句中充当定语及表语.例如: He is the greatest living writer in America.他是当今美国最伟大的作家. Not all living things live on sunlight.并非所有的生物都依赖阳光生存. My grandparents are still living.我的祖父母仍然健在. alive译为"活着的",与dead相对应,可以在句中作表语及定语.作定语时,位于它所修饰的名词之后.例如: He may be the busiest person alive.他可能是世上最忙的人了. Is that sheep dead or alive 那头羊是死了还是活着 alive还有"活泼的,活动的,有生机的"之意.例如: You seem very much alive today.你今天看起来很活跃. live表示"活着的","现场直播的",在句子中可以作定语,表语.例如: Have you seen a live whale 你见过活的鲸鱼吗 The programme is live. 这个节目是现场直播的. 3. big与large big用得比较广泛,可以与large换用,另外还可以表示"伟大","巨大","重要"之意.large着重指"体积,容积"之大.例如: There is a large garden in our town. 我们镇上有一个大花园. Is there a big tree in front of your house 你的房子前有一棵大树吗 It's said that he is a big man.据说他是一个大人物. 4.sleepy与asleep sleepy表示"困乏的,想睡觉的",而asleep表示"睡着的,熟睡的".例如: Are you sleepy at this time of day 白天的这个时候你困吗 The baby fell asleep as soon as his mother left. 他妈妈一离开,这个婴儿就睡着了. 5.worth与worthy worth意为"值得的",后接v-ing形式,构成"be worth doing"结构,也可接表示价格的名词及钱数;worthy意为"值得的",后接"of+名词(或being+过去分词)",构成"be worthy of+名词(或being done)"结构或"be worthy to be done"结构.例如: The book is well worth reading.这本书很值得一读. This coat is worth one hundred yuan.这件上衣价值一百元. This problem is worthy of being discussed.这个问题值得讨论. The land is worthy to be used. 这块地值得开发.
6. farther,further. 在英语中两者都可指距离。在美语中,father 表示距离,further表示进一步。 I have nothing further to say.
7. old 有两种比较级和最高级形式: older/oldest 和elder/eldest。 elder,eldest 只用于兄弟姐妹的长幼关系。
My elder brother is an engineer. Mary is the eldest of the three sisters.
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