8. 关系代词
1)关系代词用来引导定语从句。它代表先行词,同时在从句中作一定的句子成分,例如:
The girl to whom I spoke is my cousin.跟我讲话的姑娘是我表妹。(该句中whom既代表先行词the girl,又在从句中作介词to的宾语。)
2)关系代词有主格,宾格和属格之分,并有指人与指物之分。在限定性定语从句中,that 可指人也可指物,见表:
限定性非限定性 限定性
指人 指物 指人或指物
主 格 who which that
宾 格 whom that that
属 格 whose of which/whose of which/whose
例如: This is the pencil whose point is broken. 这就是那个折了尖的铅笔。 (whose 指物,在限定性定语从句中作定语)
He came back for the book which he had forgotten.他回来取他丢下的书。(which指物,在限定性定语从句中作宾语,可以省略)
3)关系代词which的先行词可以是一个句子,例如:
He said he saw me there, which was a lie. 他说在那儿看到了我,纯属谎言。
说明: 关系代词that在从句中作宾语或表语时可省略, 例如:
I've forgotten much of the Latin I once knew. 我过去懂拉丁语,现在大都忘了。
He's changed. He's not the man he was. 他变化很大,已不是过去的他了。 4)as作关系代词,引导定语从句,作"正如"、"这一点"解。如:
He is very careful, as his work shows. As is well-known, Taiwan belongs to China.
9. 连接代词
连接代词主要有who, whom, whose, what, which, whoever, whomever, whosever, whatever, which ev er等。连接代词一般指疑问, 但what, whatever除了指疑问之外, 也可指陈述。 Do you know who has won the Red Alert game? 你知道谁赢了这一局红警游戏吗? I don’t know whom you should depend on? 我不知道你该依靠谁。 This book will show you what the best CEO should know. 这本书会告诉你最好CEO的应该了解什么。 Have you determined whichever you should buy, a Nokia walkie-talkie or a Motorola cell phone? 你决定好买诺基亚无线话机呢还是买摩托罗拉手机?
三、有关复合不定代词考点
复合不定代词即由some,any,no,every加body,thing,one构成,用来表示一个全部概念,分别表示人或物。在句子中可作主语、宾语、表语。由于用法上的习惯常为高考所青睐,下面就其常见考点分析如下:
(一)与部分否定结下了深厚的情谊
部分否定是高考常考考点之一,常表达为:not+全部肯定词或全部肯定词+not,其意义为“并非都,不都”。前者为基本概念,通常,学生有一定的掌握;但后者与一般否定句相似,易引起学生判断上的失误,也是作者出题,命题的焦点。
练1. I agree with most of what you said,but I don't agree with____.
A.everything B.anything C.something D.nothing
练2. —The exam was difficult, wasn't it?
—No,but I don't think____could pass it.
A.somebody B.anybody C.nobody D.everyboby
分析:1,A.由句意“我同意你说的大部分,而不是全部”,可看出后面表示部分否定,构成not…everything,即“并非每件事”。
2,D.同理,“并非所有人都能通过”,部分否定概念,构成not…everybody,即“并非所有的人”,本题还应考虑否定转移。
(二)在反意问句中考查对应的主语
反意疑问句在确定主语时,常被列为考点。当主语为表示人的复合不定代词时,疑问部分的主语常用they(有时也用he);当主语为表物的复合不定代词时,疑问部分的主语通常为it。
练1. Nobody wants to waste time watching boring plays,____?
A.does it B.do they C.is he D.are they
练2. I am sure everything goes well,____?
A.doesn't it B.does they C.doesn't everything D. aren't I
分析:1,B.句子主语为指人的复合不定代词,对应的主语是they,又为否定句,故选B。
2,A.I'm sure为插入语,句子主语为指物的复合不定代词,对应的主语是it,故选A。
(三)和定语从句也保持着一定的联系
指人、指物的复合不定代词常与定语从句结合考查,其重点在连接词选择问题上。当先行词为指物的不定代词时,关系代词为that,但something例外,既可用that也可用which。当先行词为指人的复合不定代词时,关系代词为who或that。注意作宾语的关系代词省略也是考查的重点。
练1. Finally, the thief handed everything____he had stolen to the police.
A.which B.what C.whatever D.that
练2. ____breaks the rule should be punished.
A.Those who B.Who C.Anyone who D.The one
练3. Now let's think of feedback as something____
A.that we should make to work for us B.we should make work for us
C.in which we should make work for us
D.we should make work for us in
分析:1,D.先行词everything,在定语从句中作stolen宾语。
2,C.由定语从句谓语即可确定。
3,B.先行词something在定语从句中作make宾语,省去了关系代词。
(四)复合不定代词的定语位置
修饰复合不定代词的形容词一般后置。注意它常与其它考点联系起来考查。
练1. There is____in today's newspaper.
A.nothing specially interesting B.specially interesting nothing
C. nothing especially intertesting D.intertesting specially nothing
练2. He asked me if there was ____to read.
A.easy enough something B.enough easy something
C.something easy enough D.something enough easy
分析:1,A.interesting修饰nothing放其后,specially副词修饰形容词interesting。
2,C.easy修饰something放其后,副词enough修饰easy,放其后。以上两题要求认真分析,弄清英语词序间修饰关系。
(五)复合不定代词常用于简略回答中
一般情况下,用nothing回答以what开头的问句;nobody(no one)回答who开头的问句。
1.What's on the blackboard? —Nothing.
2.—Who's in the classroom? —Nobody(No one).
(六)复合不定代词的一致问题
复合不定代词作主语,谓语动词用单数。
Everything is not in good order but at sixes and sevens.
Nothing except for a few books was left for him by his father.
(七)复合不定代词间的用法区别
1.带some的复合不定代词,一般用于肯定句;而带any的复合不定代词常用于否定句、疑问句和条件句中。
I have something important to tell you.
If there is anything the matter with the machine,please let me know.
2.带some的复合不定代词,用于疑问句,表示说话人希望得到肯定回答或表请求、建议、征询意见的句子中。
练:—Is____here? —No.Bob and Tim have asked for leave.
A anybody B somebody C everybody D nobody
选C。
3.带any的复合不定代词,用于肯定句中,表示“任何人,任何事”。
Anyone who refused to bow was thrown intoprison.
As a teacher, I would do anything for my students.
4.带any的复合不定代词作主语,其后不能再用否定式,要表达否定概念,需用相对应的全部否定意义的词。
Anything could not be seen in that dark room.(×)
Nothing could be seen in that dark room.(√)
5.指人的复合不定代词合写与分写,其意义与用法不同,以any为例:anyone仅指人, 任何人,某人不与of短语连用
any one指人又指物,任何一个,可与of短语连用
Anyone can do the job. Any one of us can do the job.
(八)复合不定代词常见短语
1.have something to do with 与……有关
2.something like 几分像,大
3.something of 在某种意义(程度)上
4.anything but 除……外任何,根本不……
5.anything like 像那样的事,全然不
6.anything of 一点儿,一点……味儿
7.have nothing to do with 与……无关,和……不往来
8.be nothing to 对……无足轻重,不能与……相比
9.to say nothing of 更不必说
10.for nothing 免费,徒然,没有理由
11.all to nothing 百分之百的
12.nothing but 除……以外什么也不,只有
(九)复合不定代词在谚语中应用
1. Everybody's business is nobody's buslness. 人人都管等于没人管。
2. Everybody's friend is everybody's fool. 每人的朋友是每人的傻瓜。
3. Everytking is good for something. 凡物都有用。
4. Everything has two sides. 事物都有两个方面。
5. The man who is everything is nothing. 什么都是的人什么都不是。
6. He who has no conscience has nothing. 没有良心的人一无所有。
7. Nothing succecds like success. 一事成功,事事顺利。
8. Nothing venture, nothing have. 不入虎穴,焉得虎子。
9. Money isn't everything. 金钱不是万能的。
10. To know everything is to know nothing. 样样皆通,样样稀松。
11. Everything is good when new,but friends when old.东西是新的好,朋友是老的好。
四、代词考点分析
1.—— When shall we meet again ?It’s all the same to me.(96年高考题) —— Make it _____ day you like it. A.one B.any C.some D.another 析: 此题答案为B。若选A,one day意“过去/将来的某一天”;若选C,some day意“有朝一日”、“将来某一天”、“迟早”;若选D,another day意“改日”、“又/另一天”;选B,any day意“随便哪一天”、“无论哪一天”,显然它适合此题。 2. I’m reading a new book these days ,_____ in English.
A.it B.that C.one D.which 析: 排除A选项it的原因是因为it前或后都不可放定语;若选B项that,则因其不能替代同一事物,也可排除;至于D项which,因其是定语从句引导词, 在此明显不合用。只有C项one一方面它可有前置或后置定语,另一方面它可以替代前面出现的名词a book,故是正确答案。 3.There were two boys who called and I gave an apple to _____. A.every B.all C.either D.each 析: 由题干内容可知有两个孩子在叫喊,故all(指三者或三者以上)不可选;every不能单独用,either表“两者中任意的一个”,在此不符合情景之需要。只有D,each(两者中的每一个)填入空白才合题干内容。 4.We don’t know _____ of the visitors here;we only know some. A.everyone B.every one C.anybody D.each one 析: 因为everyone ,everybody ,anybody等不定代词一般不带限定语(此处不能与of短语连用),故A、C选项可排除。若选D项,因not…each结构表全否定,与下句“we only know some”不合,故不能成立。只有选B时,not…every表半否定,与下句意相合。 5. Young people may grow quickly in some ways and more slowly in _____.(上海题) A.the other B.some other C.others D.those other 析: 根据in some ways(在某些方面),可知空白处要选表达复数意义的词,据此可排除A、B;又因为没有those other这样的词语,故可排除D。根据some常与others相呼应使用规律,可定C为正确答案。 6.The question is too difficult and we found _____. A.it not easy to answer it B.it was not easy for us to answer it C.it’s not easy to answer D.it not easy to answer 析: 根据时态一致规律,we found后不可跟C选项;要表达“那个问题不容易答。”这一意思时,应说The question is not easy to answer.要表达“我们发现那个问题不容易答。”这一意思时,应说We found the question (was)not easy to answer.据此可排除A、B选项;只有D才是唯一正确选项。 7. The hairdresser now cuts _____ men’s and women’s hair. A.any B.each C.both D.either 析:由 men’s and women’s hair 可知应选与两者有关的代词,于是立即可排除A。根据题干men 和either不可直接修饰复数名词或复数名词所有格(应说each of …,either of…),故又可排除B、D选项。只有both才能与其后的and构成both…and…结构。故正确答案是C。
8.——Shall I sit at this end of the boat or the other end ? ——If you keep still , you can sit at _____end.(NMET) A.neither B.each C.either D.any 析: 一条船只有两头,any是指三者或三者以上,在此不合用。neither是“两者都不”,填入空白处意思不对;each意“两者或三者,三者以上每个人都…”,若填入此题空白,不合语境,因为一个人不能同时坐船的两头。只有选either(两者之一)才合此题情景。 9.——Have you finished your report yet ?
——No ,I’ll finish in _____ ten minutes.
A.less B.more C.other D.another 析: less后可直接跟形容词、副词、名词,象ten minutes这样的“数词+名词”短语则不可直接放于less之后,只能放于less than之后,因此A项可排除。“再过/再用十分钟”可以说in ten more minutes ,ten minutes more ,another ten minutes ,据此可排除B项。至于other一词,因它不能表达“再、又”意,故也可排除。因此D为正确答案。 10. Canada is larger than _____ country in Asia. (NMET) A.any B.any other C.other D.another 析: 此题是加拿大与亚洲国家相比,无需other或another ,else这类词,故B、C、D应排除。因为any(任何)后可跟单数名词或复数名词,填入空白意思也合语境,所以A是正确答案。
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