5. 不定代词 1)不定代词的形式: some, any, no, none, many, much, few, little, each, every, one, all, both, either, neither, other, another及some, any, no, every构成的复合不定代词something, anything, everything, somebody, someone, anybody, anyone, nothing , nobody, no one, none, everybody, everyone.等。 2)不定代词的功能及用法:
(1)除every 和no外不定代词既可用作名词,也可用作形容词。every和no在句中只能作定语。 I have no idea about it.
(2)all 都,指三者以上。all 的主谓一致:all的单复数由它所修饰或指代的名词的单复数决定。 All goes well. 一切进展得很好。
注意:A. all 通常不与可数名词单数连用,如:不说 all the book,而说 the whole book。但all可与表时间的可数名词单数连用,如 all day,all night,all the year; 但习惯上不说 all hour,all century。
B. all还可以与一些特殊的单数名词连用,如 all China,all the city,all my life, all the way
(3)不定代词的使用要注意以下几个方面 ①不定代词作主语时, 要明确其究竟是单数还是复数, 如: both是复数, either / neither是单数。 Both of them are students.
Neither of the students is present at the meeting. ②不定代词作定语时, 要明确其修饰可数与不可数的问题, 如: many / few修饰可数名词; much / little修饰不可数名词; some / any既修饰可数也修饰不可数 ③all / both / each / everybody / everything等含有“全部”或“每个”意义的词与否定词not连用时, 通常表示部分否定。全部否定时通常采用否定代词none, no one, nobody, neither, nothing等 Not all ants go out for food. = All ants don’t go out for food.并不是所有的蚂蚁出去找食物 None of them knew about the plan because it was kept a secret. (4)some / any的用法: ① some常用于肯定句中。some可与复数名词及不可数名词连用;当做"某一"解时,也可与单数名词连用。(= a certain) You will be sorry for this some day. 总有一天,你会后悔这件事的。
A certain (some) person has seen you break the rule. 某人不同意你的看法。
注意:A. some在下列情况下也用于疑问句: 表示请求或邀请; 期待肯定回答,或认为对方肯定回答的可能性很大时; 表建议时 Could you lent me some money? Will you have some milk? Are you waiting for some friends?
Would you lend me some books please ?
B. 在条件状语从句中表示确定的意义时,如:
If you need some help,let me know.
C. some位于主语部分, 如:
Some students haven't been there before.
D.当否定的是整体中的部分时,some可用于否定句。如:
I haven't heard from some of my old friends these years. 这些年我没有收到一些老朋友的信。
②.any常用于疑问句和否定句中; any用于肯定句中表示 “任何”; 与一些否定含义的词如: hardly, never, not, without等连用多用any I don’t have any ink. Do you have any ink? You can come and see me at any time.
Any student can solve the problem. (5)no / none / no one的用法: ①no =not any, 通常用作定语, 修饰可数或不可数 There is no milk in the glass. He has no brother. ②none代替可数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数或复数都可(参看“主谓一致”); none代替不可数名词作主语时, 谓语动词用单数 None of the stories are / is interesting. ③no one只泛指人, 不与of连用; none指人, 事, 物皆可, 可与of连用 (6)many / much的用法: many,much都意为"许多", many + 可数名词,much + 不可数名词。
How many people are there at the meeting?
How much time has we left?
Many of the workers were at the meeting.
Much of the time was spent on learning.
He has much to do. / He has much work to do. (7)few / little, a few / a little的用法:
( a ) few修饰或代替可数名词; ( a ) little修饰或代替不可数名词,a few / a little 为肯定含义,还有一点;few / little为否定含义,没有多少了。
He has a few friends.他有几个朋友。
He has few friends.他几乎没有朋友。
We still have a little time. 我们还有点时间。
There is little time left.几乎没剩下什么时间了。
Little remains to be said.
练:Although he 's wealthy,he spends___ on clothes.
A. little B. few C. a little D. a few
答案: A. spend所指的是钱,不可数,只能用little或 a little. 本句为although引导的让步状语从句,由句意知后句为否定含义,因此应用little表示几乎不。
固定搭配: only a few (=few) not a few (=many) quite a few (=many)
many a (=many)
Many books were sold. Many a book was sold. 卖出了许多书。 (8)each / every的用法: ①each指 “每个”的个别的情况, 相当于汉语的 “各个”,相当于名词。 ②every虽有“每个”的意思, 但常从整体出发, 强调共同性, 相当于“每个都”,相当于一个形容词。 Every one of us has strong and weak points.(强调所有人都…) Each of us has strong and weak points.(强调每个都…) ③主语中有each / every, 构成反意问句时, 多用复数变化., 如: Every student like the film, don’t they ? Each of us takes part in the activity, don’t we ? ④every 指三个以上的人或物(含三个),each指两个以上的人或物 (含两个)。
⑤every 只作形容词,不可单独使用。each可作代词或形容词。
Every student has to take one.
Each boy has to take one.
Each of the boys has to take one.
⑥every不可以作状语,each可作状语。
⑦every 有反复重复的意思,如 every two weeks等; each没有。
⑧every 的句子用not,表示部分否定; each的句子用not表示全部否定。
Every man is not honest. 并非每个人都诚实。
Each man is not honest.这儿每个人都不诚实
⑨every可以和not连用, each不可以 Not every worker can do it. (9)one的用法: ①表示“一个”, 如: one hour, one man ②泛指不确定的人, 可译为“人们” “一个人”, 表此意时, 它的所有格是one’s, 反身代词是oneself One should be strict with oneself.
One should serve his country wholeheartedly. ③one / ones代替上文出现过的可数名词, 以避免重复 He has a washer. I want to buy one too.
Which shirt do you like? I like the red one.
注意:辩异 one,that 和it
one表示泛指,that和it 表示特指。that与所指名词为同类,但不是同一个,而it 与所指名词为同一个。
I can't find my hat. I think I must buy one.(不定) 我找不到我的帽子了。我想我该去买一顶。
The hat you bought is bigger than that I bought.(同类但不同个) 你买的那顶帽子比我买的大。
I can't find my hat. I don' t know where I put it.( 同一物) 我找不到我的帽子。我不知道我把它放在哪了。 (10)all与both 的用法: all作主语时, 谓语动词根据情况采取单数或复数; 作定语时,修饰[ U/C]; both表示“两者都”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用复数; 作定语时, 修饰复数名词 All are here.大家都到了 All is going on well. (11)either与neither
either表示“两者之中任何一个”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数; 作定语时, 修饰单数名词
Here are two pens. You may use either of them. There are shops on either side of the street.
Either of them is going there.
neither表示“两者都不”, 作主语时, 谓语动词用单数; 作定语时, 修饰单数名词 Neither is right. Neither film is interesting.
注意:neither 与nor
A. 如前句是否定式从句,则主句用neither,而不用 nor。
If you don't do it,neither should I. 如果你不干,我也不干。
B. 如后连续有几个否定句式,则用nor,不用neither。
He can't sing,nor dance,nor skate. (12)other的用法:
the other表示两者中的另外一个; the others =the other +复数名词, 表示“其余的一些”; others =other +复数名词, 表示 “别的人或事物” He has two sons. One is a teacher. The other is a worker. Some went to the Great Wall, the others went to the lake. (13)another 指不定数目中的另外一个; another +复数名词表示“再一些, 又一些” This skirt is too long. Please show me another.
I want to have another cup of coffee. I will finish the work in another ten minutes. 注意:one… the other只有两个some… the others 有三个以上
one… another, another… some… others,others… others = other people/things
the others = the rest剩余的全部
注意: ①泛指另一个用another。
②一定范围内两人(物),一个用one,另一个用the other。
③一定范围内三者,一个用one,另一个用one (another),第三个可用the other,a third。
④一定范围内,除去一部分人/物,剩余的全部用the others。
⑤泛指别的人或物时,用others当在一定范围内,除去一部分后,剩余部分但不是全部时,也用others。
(14)anyone 和 any one
anyone仅指人,any one既可指人,也可指物。
6. 相互代词 1)相互代词只有each other和one another两个词组。他们表示句中动词所叙述的动作或感觉在涉及的各个对象之间是相互存在的,例如: It is easy to see that the people of different cultures have always copied each other. 显而易见,不同文化的人总是相互借鉴的。
2)相互代词的句法功能:
(1)作动词宾语
People should love one another. 人们应当彼此相爱。
(2)作介词宾语;
Dogs bark, cocks crow, frogs croak to each other. 犬吠、鸡鸣、蛙儿对唱。
说明:传统语法认为,相互关系存在于两个人或物之间用each other,存在于两个以上人和物之间用one another。现代英语中,两组词交替使用的实例也很多,例如:
He put all the books beside each other. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。
He put all the books beside one another. 他把所有书并列摆放起来。
Usually these small groups were independent of each other. 这些小团体通常是相互独立的。
(3)相互代词可加-'s构成所有格,例如:
The students borrowed each other's notes. 学生们互借笔记。
7. 疑问代词
1)疑问代词在句中起名词词组的作用,用来构成疑问句。疑问代词有下列几个: 指人: who, whom, whose 指物: what
既可指人又可指物: which
2)疑问代词在句中应位于谓语动词之前,没有性和数的变化,除who之外也没有格的变化。what, which, whose还可作限定词。试比较:
疑问代词:Whose are these books on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?
What was the directional flow of U. S. territorial expansion? 美国的领土扩张是朝哪个方向的?
限定词:Whose books are these on the desk? 桌上的书是谁的?
What events led to most of the east of the Mississippi River becoming part of the United States? 哪些事件使密西西比河以东的大部分土地归属于美国?
说明A. 无论是做疑问代词还是限定词,which 和 what 所指的范围不同。what所指的范围是无限的,而which则指在一定的范围内,例如:Which girls do you like best? 你喜欢哪几个姑娘?
What girls do you like best? 你喜欢什么样的姑娘?
说明B. Whom是who的宾格,在书面语中,它作动词宾语或介词宾语,在口语中作宾语时,可用who代替,但在介词后只能用whom, 例如: Who(m) did you meet on the street? 你在街上遇到了谁?(作动词宾语)
Who(m) are you taking the book to? 你要把这书带给谁?(作介词宾语,置句首)
To whom did you speak on the campus? 你在校园里和谁讲话了? (作介词宾语,置介词 后,不能用who取代。)
说明C. 疑问代词用于对介词宾语提问时,过去的文体中介词和疑问代词通常一起放在句首,现代英语中,疑问代词在句首,介词在句未,例如:
For what do most people live and work? 大部分人生活和工作的目的是什么?(旧文体)
What are you looking for? 你在找什么?(现代英语)
说明D. 疑问代词还可引导名词性从句,例如:
I can't make out what he is driving at. 我不知道他用意何在。
Can you tell me whose is the blue shirt on the bed?你能告诉我床上的蓝衬衣是谁的吗?
Much of what you say I agree with, but I cannot go all the way with you. 你说的我大部分同意,但并不完全赞同。
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