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六、副词及其基本用法
1、副词主要用来修饰动词，形容词，副词或其他结构。
2、副词的种类：
1）时间副词, 如: early, now，late, then
2）地点副词, 如: here, there, above, outside
3）方式副词, 如: hard, well, badly, fast, slowly
4）程度副词, 如: very, quite, much, still, almost
5）频度副词，如：often, always, sometimes, never, usually
6）疑问副词(放在特殊疑问句的句首), 如: how, when, where, why
7）关系副词(放在定语从句句首), 如: when, where, why
8）连接副词(放在名词从句句首), 如: how, when, where, why, whether
3、副词在句中的作用: 副词修饰动词, 形容词, 名词, 副词或全句, 在句中的作用如下
1）作状语: You should always review your lessons.
The visitors are warmly welcomed by the students.
Certainly we should try out best to improve our work.
2）作表语: He is abroad. The class is over. The football match is on.
3）作定语: 副词（常常是方位副词）作定语时置于被修饰词之后
The comrades here give us a lot of help.
4）作补语(包括宾语补足语和主语补足语):
I found all the lights on when I got home last night.
4、副词在句中的位置:
1）时间副词和地点副词的位置:表示确定时间的副词和表示地点的副词一般放在句尾, 若句中同时有地点副词和时间副词, 地点副词通常在前, 时间副词在后
They went to the Summer Palace yesterday. We often go there.
I will go there tomorrow.
2）表示不确定频度的副词(如: always, usually, often, never, ever, seldom, sometimes, rarely, generally, frequently)的位置: 句子谓语是be时, 位于其后; 句子谓语是单个完全动词时, 位于其前; 句子谓语由不完全动词与完全动词一起组成时, 位于第一个不完全动词之后.
She always helps her mother with the housework.
The old man seldom goes out.
He is always the first to come to class.
They have already done their homework.
3）程度副词除enough之外, 一般放在被修饰词之前
The student is very careful with his work. He swims quite well.
The boy is old enough to go to school.
4）方式副词的位置:
①修饰不及物动词的方式副词要放在被修饰词之后
His sister sings well. The baby is sleeping soundly.
②修饰及物动词的方式副词可放在被修饰词之前或宾语之后;如果宾语较长, 也可放在动词和宾语之间
He speaks French fluently.
All this morning Liu Ying has been writing carefully some English letters to her teachers.
5）修饰名词的方位副词放在被修饰词之后
The villagers there are busy getting in wheat.
6）修饰全句的副词通常放在句首
Truly he is an honest man.
Still, in spite of what you say, I don’t think it is true.
7）作状语时,各类副词的排列顺序一般为: 方式副词, 地点副词, 时间副词 He behaved well here yesterday.
8）副词的排列顺序：
①时间，地点副词，小单位的在前，大单位在后。
②方式副词，短的在前，长的在后，并用and或but等连词连接。
Please write slowly and carefully.
③多个不同副词排列：程度+地点+方式+时间副词。
注意：副词very 可以修饰形容词，但不能修饰动词。
改错：(错)I very like English. (对)I like English very much.
注意：副词enough要放在形容词的后面，形容词enough放在名词前后都可。 I don't know him well enough. There is enough food for everyone to eat. There is food enough for everyone to eat.
5、兼有两种形式的副词
1）close紧紧地，靠近地closely紧密地，密切地
2）near不远，近地 nearly几乎
3）deep深deeply深入地，深刻地
4）high高，高高地highly非常地，高度地
5）wide广阔地，广大地widely广泛地
6）hard努力地，费力地hardly几乎不，几乎没有
7）most非常，最mostly主要地，大部分
8）clean完全，彻底cleanly利落地，干净地
9）clear完全地，彻底地clearly清楚地
10）free随意地，免费地freely随意地，公开地
11）late晚ately最近，近来
12）pretty非常，相当地prettily悦人地，可爱地
13）direct一直地，不绕圈子地directly直接地，立刻
14）dead突然地，完全地，非常 deadly死般地，非常
15）easy轻松地easily容易地，轻易地
16）fair正好，公道地fairly公平地，诚实地，相当
17）loud大声地（可用比较级）loudly大声地（不用比较级）
18）slow慢点（只用于go slow）slowly慢点（用于其它场合）
19）right就，直接，完全地（放在所修饰词前，动词后）rightly恰当地，正义地（放在动词前）
He is sitting close to me. Watch him closely.
You have come too late. What have you been doing lately?
He pushed the stick deep into the mud. Even father was deeply moved by the film.
The plane was flying high. I think highly of your opinion.
He opened the door wide. English is widely used in the world.
You can eat free in my restaurant whenever you like. You may speak freely; say what you like.
七、形容词与副词的比较级
1、构成形式：大多数形容词（性质形容词）和副词有比较级和最高级的变化，即原级、比较级和最高级，用来表示事物的等级差别。原级即形容词的原形，比较级和最高级有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
①规则变化
单音节词和少数双音节词，加词尾-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。
构成法 原级 比较级 最高级
一般单音节词 tall(高的) taller tallest
未尾加-er,-est great(巨大的) greater greatest
以不发音的e结尾 nice(好的) nicer nicest
的单音词 large(大的) larger largest
以- le结尾的双 able（有能力的) abler ablest
音节词只加-r,-st
以一个辅音字母 big(大的) bigger biggest
结尾的闭音节单 hot热的) hotter hottest
音节词，双写结
尾的辅音字母，
再加-er，-est
"以辅音字母+y" easy(容易的) easier easiest
结尾的双音节词， busy(忙的) busier busiest
改y为i，再加 -er，-est
少数以-er，-ow clever(聪明的) cleverer cleverest
结尾的双音节词 narrow(窄的) narrower narrowest
未尾加-er，-est
其他双音节词和 important(重要的) more important most important
多音节词，在前面加more，most
来构成比较级和 easily(容易地) more easily most easily
最高级。
②不规则变化
原级 比较级 最高级
good(好的)/well(健康的) better best
bad (坏的)/ badly/ill(有病的) worse worst
old (老的) older/elder oldest/eldest
much/many(多的) more most
little(少的) less least
far (远的) farther/further farthest/furthest
2、比较等级：英文中的形容词和副词一般都有三种级的形式即：原级（The Positive Degree），比较级（The Comparative Degree）和最高级（The Superlative Degree）。
1）同级比较中有两种情况：
表示双方情况"一模一样"，用as + 原级 + as的结构；
表示双方情况"不（那么）一样"，用not so / as + 原级 + as的结构。
在这两种结构中，第一个as是副词，而第二个as是连词；在第二个as的后面接名词、句子或代词的主格（一般不要接代词的宾格）。例如：
My parcel is as heavy as yours . 我的包裹与他的一样沉。
Arther calculates as accurately as a calculator.阿瑟象计算器一样计算精确。
His bedroom is not as neat as his sisters. 他的寝室没有他姐姐的整洁。
It is not so hot as yesterday. 今天不象昨天那么热。
I cant speak English as fast as a native speaker. 我说英文没有以英语为母语的人说得快。
注意：①在as … as 的结构中，第一个as的前面可以加上表示倍数的词、或是某些副词修饰语：twice , ( three ) times , nearly , almost , just , exactly , not nearly（根本不）, by no means（绝不）, quite 等等。例如：
Asia is four times as large as Europe. 亚洲有欧洲的四倍大（亚洲比欧洲大三倍）。
James is not nearly as tall as Robert. 詹姆斯根本没有罗伯特高。
Cast iron is almost as useful as steel. 铸铁差不多与钢一样有作用。
She hasn’t been quite so unlucky as she pretends. 她还没有象她常装出的那样不幸。
②当as… as 中间有名词时采用以下格式。
as +形容词+ a +单数名词 + as
as + many/much +名词 + as
This is as good an example as the other.
I can carry as much paper as you can..
③在as … as 的结构中，我们还常见这样两种句型：as much + 不可数名词 + as 和as many + 复数可数名词 + as 。例如：
She spread as much butter on her bread as Jane usually does. 她在面包上涂的黄油与琼通常涂的一样多。
He has learned as many English words as his brother (has ) . 他已学了和他哥哥一样多的英文单字。
2）不同级的比较主要用表示于人与人、事物与事物之间不同之处的比较，其意义为"A比B更（怎么样）一些"。常用的结构是: 比较级 + than 。例如：
They worked even harder than they promised. 他们工作得比他们答应的还要卖力。
This street is narrower than that one. 这条街比那条街窄一些。
注意：①要避免重复使用比较级。
(错) He is more cleverer than his brother. (对) He is more clever than his brother. (对) He is cleverer than his brother.
②要避免将主语含在比较对象中。
(错) China is larger than any country in Asia.
(对) China is larger than any other countries in Asia.
③要注意对应句型，遵循前后一致的原则。
The population of Shanghai is larger than that of Beijing.
It is easier to make a plan than to carry it out.
④要注意冠词的使用，后有名词的时候，前面才有可能有名词。
比较：Which is larger, Canada or Australia?
Which is the larger country, Canada or Australia?
She is taller than her two sisters. She is the taller of the two sisters.
⑤在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that(those)，one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物，特指，one既可指人，也可指物，泛指。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词，而one只能代替可数名词。例如：
The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk．
A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood．
注意：在比较级 + than的结构前可以加上某些副词类和表示倍数的词，以对其进行修饰，如：far（远），even（甚至），much（许多），still（更，还），a lot（许多），a little / bit（一点），rather（相当地），slightly（略微），not any（不再），three times …（三倍、……），等等。例如：This book is far more interesting than that one. 这本书比那一本有趣多了。
Youve been working much harder than I have. 你一直比我工作得努力多了。
She came even earlier than I asked (him to). 她来得甚至比我叫她来的时间还要早。
练1：---- Are you feeling ____? ---- Yes，I'm fine now.
A. any well B. any betterC. quite good D. quite better
答案：B. any 可修饰比较级，quite修饰原级，well的比较级为better.
练2：The experiment was____ easier than we had expected.
A.more B.much more C.much D.more much
答案：C.much可修饰比较级，因此B，C都说得通，但easier本身已是比较级，不需more，因此C为正确答案。
练3：If there were no examinations, we should have ___ at school.
A. the happiest timeB. a more happier time
C. much happiest timeD.a much happier time
答案：D。
3) 比较级中的两个特殊作用的结构是：
(1)The + 比较级 + 句子，the + 比较级 + 句子
(2)比较级+ and + 比较级
前一个句型结构表示的意义是"越（怎么样就）越（怎么样）"，在这个结构中的两个"比较级"不要求一定词性相同，它们各自的词性要依句子的需要而定；后一个句型结构表示的意义是"越来越（怎么样）"，在这个结构中的两个 "比较级"则要求词性相同。例如：
The harder you work at your study, the better academic records you will have. 你学习越努力，你的成绩就越好。
The more we have, the more we want. 人欲无穷。
When winter is coming , it gets colder and colder .冬天来临之际，天越来越冷了。
He became less and less satisfied with the football teams performance. 他对足球队的表现越来越不满意了。
4) 没有比较对象的比较结构。所谓没有比较对象的比较结构不是指省略而言，而是指并非真正的比较。例如：
The car runs faster than 110 miles. 那辆车时速为110多英里。
There is more than one solution to the problem. 这个问题的解决办法不止一个。
The daily cost in an average hospital in the United States can run as high as $250 . 在美国普通医院的每天的费用可高达250美元。
5) 用比较级的形式表达最高级的意思。在这种情况下，往往是将一个人或是一件事与其他所有的人或事相比较。做这种句子时有一点要特别注意--别忘了常在比较状语中用any ,other , else类的字眼，以将比较主体排除在比较对象以外，因为自己不可以与自己相比较。例如：
He is taller than anyone else in our class. 他在我们班比其他任何都高。
Iron is more useful than any other metals. 铁比其他任何金属更有作用。
6) no + 比较级 + than的结构表示"A和B一样不……"。例如：
She runs no faster than her sister. 她与她妹妹一样跑不快。
Tom is no wiser than John. 汤姆和约翰一样没有聪明才智。
He is no richer than his brother. 他与他弟弟一样不富有。
7) 比较和倍数的表达方法：在表达一方是另一方的若干倍时，常用如下表达方式：
（1）“……倍数＋as＋adj．／adv．（原级）＋ as……”,在两个as之间可用many（修饰可数名词），much（修饰不可数名词）和其它相应的词。
（2）“……倍数＋adj．／adv．（比较级）＋than……”
（3）“……倍数＋the size ／height／length ／weight／ width /depth……＋of＋the＋名词”。
练1. There are more than twice ______ five years ago.
a. as many books as b. many books as
在下句中twice as many...as前后要一致，more than 修饰twice.
练2. We are eating ____ vegetables per person today as they did in 1910．
A．more than twice B．as twice as many
C．twice as many as D．more than twice as many
练3. After the new technique was introduced，the factory produced ＿＿ tractors in 1988 as the year before．
A．as twice many B．as many twice
C．twice as many D．twice many as
［点拨］“倍数”句型翻译有三种方式。（1）“倍数（百分数）＋形容词比较级＋than＋比较对象”，译作“增加……倍”或“是……的‘倍数＋1’倍”；（2）“倍数（百分数）＋as＋形容词原级＋as＋被比较对象”，译作“是……的多少倍”；（3）“倍数＋the＋名词＋of＋被比较对象”，其中常用的名词有size，length，width，depth等，也译作“是……的多少倍”。如“你们的操场比我们的操场大四倍（是我们操场的五倍大）”可分别译作：（1）Your playground is four times larger than ours．（2）Your playground is five times as large as ours．（3）Your playground is five times the size of ours．
八、比较中的省略
1. 在as…as中，as从句可省略整个谓语部分，保留主语
She sings as well as her sister. 她跟她的姐姐唱得一样好(省去了does)。
2. 可以省去谓语部分，保留主语和be、have等助动词
Susan has done as much housework as you have. (省去了done。)
3. 可以省去主语和谓语，只剩下状语
t is not as cold in Beijing as in Datong. 北京的天气没有大同冷。
4. than从句也可以省去整个谓语部分，保留主语
They say that blood is thicker than water, that our relatives are more important to us than others. 他们说血浓于水，亲属对我们来说比其他人更重要。
5. than从句省去部分谓语，保留主语和be,have或助动词
The white collar workers earn more than the blue workers do.白领工人比蓝领工人挣得多。
这时 我们可以进行倒装，即将than后从句中的be,have或助动词移到该从句的前边如：After all, big changes are relatively easier to make than are small ones.相对来说，大变动比小变动毕竟容易些。
The fact is that some drug addicts are much better able to cure addiction in each other than are psychiatrists; some convicts can run better rehabilitation programs for convicts than do correctional officers; some patients in mental hospitals are better for each other than is the staff.事实上，有些吸毒成瘾者与吸毒成瘾者之间戒瘾比精神病医生的作用还好；有些罪犯在改造其他罪犯方面比教改人员强；医院里的病人与病人之间的沟通比医务人员与病人间的沟通还强。
6. than从句可以省去主语和部分谓语，保留宾语
Grandma gives more candies to her grandson than her granddaughter. 奶奶给孙子的糖比给孙女的多。(省去了she gives candies to)
7. than从句可以省去主语和谓语，保留状语
There are more books in this library than in that library. 这个图书馆的书比那个多。(省去了there are many books)
She is much better than yesterday. 她比昨天好多了。(省去了she was)
Signs of dishonesty in school, business, and government seem much more numerous in recent years than in the past. 近些年来在学校、商业和政府中欺诈的迹象比以前更多。
8. than从句可以省去主语，保留谓语部分
His speed of doing the work was much faster than had expected. 他干此事的速度远比想象的快。(省去了he或we)
9. 有时可以省去整个than从句
He is much healthier and happier. 她比以往任何时侯都健康幸福。(省去了than he was ever before)
10. 为了避免重复，我们经常用that代替不可数名词, those代替复数名词,one代替可数名词单数
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