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第16 章Grammar 连词
§1 ．并列连词................................................................................... 213
§2 ．从属连词................................................................................... 218
连词是连接字、短语、从句与句子的词，是虚词，因此它不能独立
担任句子成分。连词主要分为两大类：并列连词和从属连词。并列连词
用来连接并列关系的词、词组或分句。它包括：and ，or ，but ，so ，for ，
both ⋯and ，either ⋯or ，neither ⋯nor ，not only ⋯but also 。
从属连词用来引导从句，它包括：that ，when ，till ，until ，after ，
before ，since ，because ，if ，whether ，though ，although ，so ⋯that ，so that ，
in order that ，as soon as ，as ⋯as can ⋯
下面，我们分别讲述主要连词的用法。
1 并列连词
1 and ：和，并且
I like basketball ，football and table-tennis.
我喜欢篮球、足球和乒乓球。
1.基本用法
and 表示“和”、“而且”的意思，用来连接对等关系的字和字，片
语与片语，句子与句子。
He got up and put on his hat.
他站起来，戴上了帽子。
I went to the Summer Palace and he went to Bei Hai Park.
我去颐和园，他去北海公园。
注意
单词或词组如果是三个以上连接，一般在最后的单词或词组前加
and 。另外“and ”在译成中文时不一定要翻译出“和”来。
2.特别用法：and 在祈使句中的作用
句型：祈使句，and ⋯=If you ⋯，you'll ⋯
Use your head ，and you'll find a way.
动动脑筋，你就会想出办法来。
=If you use your head ，you'll find a way.
如果你动动脑子，你就会想出办法。
Hurry up ，and you'll catch the bus.
快点，你就会赶上公共汽车。
=If you hurry up ，you'll catch the bus.
如果你快点，你就会赶上公共汽车。
2 or ：或，或者，否则
Is Li Ming from Beijing or from Shanghai.
李明是北京人还是上海人呢？
1.基本用法
or 表示“～或”的意思，使用于两者之中选择一个的时候。
Would you like coffee or tea ？
你喜欢咖啡还是茶？
Tom or I am right.我或者汤姆是对的。
Li Ming or his classmates are cleaning the room.
李明或者是他的同班同学在打扫房间。
注意
“A or B ”作主语时，谓语动词随or 后面的词（B ）而定，因此例子
中的谓语动词服从I ，用am 。
2.特别用法
句型：祈使句，or ⋯=If you don't ⋯，you'll ⋯
同and 一样，or 在祈使句中的用法，译成“请⋯，否则⋯”，有转折
的意思。
Hurry up ，or you'll miss the bus.
快点吧，否则你就会误了公共汽车。
=If you don't hurry up ，you'll miss the bus.
如果你不快点，你就会误了这班车。
Study hard ，or you'll fail in the exam.
好好学吧，否则你考试就会不及格。
=If you don't study hard ，you'll fail in the exam.
如果你不努力学习，你考试就会不及格。
注意
or 疑问句的读法or 前面的部分用升调，后面的部分用降调。
3 but ：但是，可是，而
He is old ，but he looks very young.
他老了，但他看起来很年轻。
Li Li likes violin but doesn't like piano.
李莉喜欢小提琴，（但是）不喜欢钢琴。
（but 后面省略了主语Li Li ，因为与前面的主语成分相同）
Mary likes violin ，but Tom doesn't.
玛丽喜欢小提琴，而汤姆不喜欢。
（doesn't 后面省略了like violin ，因为与前面的成分相同）
He isn't a teacher but a doctor.
他不是（一个）老师，而是医生。
They came here not for money but for the life.
他们到这儿来，不是要钱，而是要命。
注意
but 所连接的句子，句中如果某些成分与前面相同，则可以省略。
4 so ，for
It began to rain ，so we had to stay here.
开始下雨了，我们不得不呆在这儿了。
1.so ：所以，因此，于是
My teacher asked me to go ，so I went.
我们老师让我去，因此我就去了。
比较
so 除了作连词外，也可以作副词。
I hope you can pass the exam.
我希望你能通过考试。
I hope so.我也希望。
Don't walk so fast.别走得太快。
2.for ：因为
I soon went to sleep ，for I was tired.
我很快就入睡了，因为我太累了。
The sun has risen ，for the birds are singing.
太阳升起来了，小鸟在唱歌。
比较
for 和be cause for 也可译为“因为”，但是它没有什么因果关系，不
像because 那样，而for 只是说明解释而已。
5 both ⋯and ：和，既⋯⋯也⋯⋯
He can play both the violin and the piano.
他既会拉小提琴，又会弹钢琴。
1.《both ⋯and ⋯》构成的词组作为主语时，谓语动词用复数。
Both Li Ming and Li Li are good students.
（Li Ming 和Li Li 都是人，所以两者对等）
李明和李莉都是好学生。
注意
在《both ⋯and ⋯》句型中，and 连接的词或词组要对等。
2.《both ⋯and 》的否定句表示部分否定。
He can't play both the violin and the piano.
他会拉小提琴或者会弹钢琴。（不全会）
Both Li Ming and Li Li are not good students.
李明和李莉不都是好学生。（其中一个是好学生）
6 either ⋯or ，neither ⋯nor
I want to visit either Tianjing or Shanghai.
我想参观天津或者上海。
I like neither English nor Chinese.
中文和英文我全不喜欢。
1.either ⋯or ：或⋯⋯或⋯⋯；不是⋯⋯就是⋯⋯
a.《either ⋯or ⋯》构成的词组作为主语时，谓语动词随其邻近的词，
即or 后面的词而定。
Either you or he is right.
不是你，就是他是对的。
b.此句型的否定句是全否定。
Either you or he isn't right.你和他都不对。
I don't want to visit either Tianjing or
Shanghai.天津和上海我都不想参观。
2.neither ⋯nor ：既不⋯⋯也不⋯⋯
a.当此词组担任主语时，谓语动词的用法和either ⋯or 的用法一样，
由nor 后面的词而定。
Neither you nor I am right.你和我都不对。
b.此句型本身是全否定，因此不能再用否定式，即不能再加not 。
（×）Neither You nor I am not right.
比较
both ⋯and ,either ⋯or ,neither ⋯nor 这三个句型的相互关系如下：
1 ．肯定句：I like both A and B ．我喜欢A 和B 。
I like both coffee and tea.
我喜欢咖啡和茶。（茶和咖啡我都喜欢）
2 ．否定句：I don't like both A and B. =I like either A or B.
我不喜欢A 或B 。
I like either coffee or tea .
咖啡和茶，我喜欢一样儿。
=I don't like both coffee and tea .
3 ．I don't like either A or B .=I like neither A nor B.
A 和B 我都不喜欢。
咖啡和茶，我都不喜欢。
I like neither coffee nor tea .
I don't like either coffee or tea .
7 not only ⋯ but also ：不但⋯⋯而且
（1 ）Not only you but also your father is coming.
不但你，而且你父亲也要来。
（2 ）Jane is not only beautiful but also kind.
珍妮不但漂亮，而且人非常好。
1.基本用法：《not only ⋯but also 》担任主语时，此句型的谓语动词随
but also 后面的部分而定，参见上文例（1 ）。
另外not only ⋯but also 连接对等的词或词组；例（1 ）you （你）和 your
father （你父亲）都是人。例（2 ）beautiful （美的）和kind （亲切、慈祥）
都是形容词。
2.该句型可以和“as well as ”互换，但注意汉语翻译。
Your father as well as you is coming.
不但你，而且你父亲也要来。
注意
as well as 的句子谓语动词随它前面的词“Your father ”而定，所以用
is coming.
Jane is kind as well as beautiful.
珍妮不但漂亮，而且为人很好。
2 从属连词
1 that
I think （that ）he likes football.
我想他喜欢足球。
that 引导名词性从句（主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句）
和定语从句，本书只介绍宾语从句。
1.that 在宾语从句、间接引语中可以省略，主句与从句时态一致。
I think （that ）he is tired.我想他累了。
I thought （that ）he was tired.
注意
要特别注意主句与从句时态的呼应。如果主句是过去时，从句一律
改为过去的时态，详见第二十章宾语从句。
2.如果主句的动词是 think ，believe ⋯；如果主句的主语是第一人称，
变为否定句时，要否定主句，译成中文时，则否定从句。
I believe you will leave here.
我相信，你会离开这儿的。
I don't believe you will leave here.
我相信，你不会离开这儿的。
必背！
I hope that ～我希望～
I think that ～我认为～
I say that ～我说～
I know that ～我知道～
I find that ～我发现～
be afraid that ～恐怕～
be sure that ～确认～
be glad （happy ）that ～很高兴～
（以上的that 都可以省略）
2 when ，while ，till ，until ，since ⋯
When he arrives there he will call you.
他到达那儿以后，他会给你打电话。
when ，while ，till ，until ，since ，after ，before ，as soon as 等是连
接时间状语从句的连词。在时间状语从句中要特别注意时态的搭配：当
主句是将来时，从句要用一般现在时。
注意
while 所引导的从句的谓语动词只能是延续性的，不能用点动词。（如
begin ，stop ⋯）
When I arrived there ，it was raining.
当我到那儿时，天正在下雨。
I entered the room while （when ）Li Ming was talking with her.
我进屋时，李明正在和她谈话。
I didn't go to sleep until （till ）I finished my homework.
直到我做完作业，我才上床睡觉。
We won't work until （till ）our teacher teaches us how to do it.
老师教给我们如何做这工作之后，我们才会开始做。
He came to China after the war was over.
比较
连词连接从句不同，意思不同。
He had been in China before the war was over.
战争结束前，他已经在中国了。
=The war was over before he came to China.
=The war had been over before he came to China.
战争结束后，他来到中国。
I have learned more than two thousand English words since I began learning
English two years ago.
自从两年前我开始学习英语以来，我已经学习了两千多个英语单词
了。
注意
since 引导的是一个过去时的句子，说明自当时以来到现在（自从两
年前以来），主句一般要用现在完成时。
As soon as I get enough money ，I'll buy it.
我一得到足够的钱，就买它。
3 because ：因为，连接原因状语从句
She didn't go there ，because she was ill.
因为她病了，所以她没去那儿。
1.回答Why 问句时，只能用because ，不能用for 或 as.
Why are you late ？
你为什么迟到？
Because I met a traffic accident on my way here.
因为在我来这儿的路上，遇到了车祸。
2.汉语中，我们经常说因为⋯⋯所以，但在英文中有了because ，就
不能再用so 。
（×）Because he was tired ，so he couldn't walk there.
因为他累了，所以他不能走到那儿了。
4 if ，though （although ）
If it doesn't rain ，we'll go to the park.
如果不下雨，我们就去公园。
Though I was tired ，I still worked hard.
虽然我很累，可是我仍然努力地工作。
1.if ：如果（引导条件从句）
You can pass the exam if you study hard.
如果你努力学习，你会及格的。
2.though ，although ：虽然（引导让步状语从句）和原因状语从句一样，
如果用了though ，although （虽然）就不能再用but （但是）。
Although （Though ）I live near the sea ，I'm not a good swimmer.
=I live near the sea ，but I'm not a good swimmer.
虽然我住在海边，可是我游泳并不好。
注意
注意时态一致，和时间状语从句一样。主句是将来时之时，从句要
用一般现在时。
5 so ⋯that ：太⋯⋯以致⋯⋯
He is so old that he can't work. = He is too old to work.
他太老了，不能工作。
The box is so heavy that I can't lift it.
=The box is too heavy for me to lift.
箱子太沉了，我抬不起来。
The girl is so beautiful that everybody likes her.
这个小女孩太漂亮了，每个人都喜欢她。
注意
注意此句型与too ⋯to 的互换。
so ⋯that 在肯定句中不能转换成too ⋯to ⋯。
Practice 实力测验
一、用括号中适当的连词填空
1 ．Tom ______ (or, but, and) Jim are brothers.
2 ．Li Ming doesn't like oranges, ______ (for, but, or) Emi does.
3 ．Is this bag yours ______ (and, or, so) Jane's ?
4 ．Both Nancy ______ (and, or, nor) Ellen play the piano.
5 ．Either Bill ______ (and, or, nor) Tom ate the cake.
6 ．Neither Mike ______ (and, or, nor) Rose likes English.
7 ．______ (If, When, Because) he came home, his father was watching TV
8 ．I'll visit my uncle ______ (when, if, after) it's fine tomorrow.
9 ．Bob stayed at home ______ (because, if, before) he was sick.
10 ．Her mother tried to do something, ______ (so, because, but, that)
she couldn't do anything.
11 ．We can do great things for our town______ (if, but, what, before)we
work together.
12 ．I think you've learned a lot in China______ (before, since, if, that)you
came here.
13 ．Go to see the doctor at once,______ (or, and, so) your cold may get
worse.
14 ．Which do you like better, cat______ (or, and, but) dog'?
二、从所给连词中选取合适的，填入下列各句空格内。
that, what, which, who, how, why, whether, when, how long, how many
1 ．I want to know______ they are preparing for.
2 ．Please tell him______ the train will arrive.
I want him to come to the station to meet me.
3 ．Can you tell me______ he will come or not ?
4 ．I don't know______ he is always late. His house is not far away from
here.
5 ．Can you tell me______ Lesson is the most difficult in Book V ?
6 ．I don't know______ he could draw a picture in five minutes. He must
have a good way.
7 ．He didn't know______ his mother was ill.
8 ．Do you know______ has broken the glass ?
9 ．I don't know______ books he bought yesterday.
10 ．Can you tell me______ he is going to stay there ?
三、改正下列句中的错误
1 ．Both you and your sister studies hard.
2 ．Not only we but also she are going to the movies.
3 ．Either he or I are to go.
4 ．Mother as well as father love us.
四、用简单句和主从复合句翻译下面句子
这些问题太难了，我们都不能回答
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