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基本句型讲解和练习
一. S十V主谓结构
本结构是由主语加不及物的谓语动词构成，常用来表示主语的动作。
如：The sun rises in the east.
He gets up early every day.
She left without saying goodbye.
翻译练习：
1. 你应当努力学习。
2. 她昨天回家很晚。
3. 那天早上我们谈了很多。
4. 会议将持续两个小时。
5. 在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。
6. 这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。
7. 1919年，在北京爆发了“五四”运动。
8. 每天八点开始上课。
9. 这个盒子重五公斤。
10. 五年前我住在北京。
11. 爱丽丝游泳游得很好。
12. 约翰的父亲昨晚去世了。
13. 秋天有些鸟飞到南方去。
14. 我的爷爷早晨起得很早。
15. 每天下午有许多学生到图书馆来借书。
答案：
1. You should study hard.
2. She went home very late yesterday evening.
3. That morning we talked a great deal.
4. The meeting will last two hours.
5. Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.
6. Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day.
7. The May Fourth Movement broke out in Beijing in 1919.
8. Classes begin at eight every day.
9. This box weighs five kilos.
10. I lived in Beijing five years ago.
11. Alice swims very well.
12. John’s father died last night.
13. In autumn, some birds fly to the south.
14. My grandfather gets up early in the morning.
15. Every afternoon a lot of students come to the library to borrow books.
二. S十V十O 主谓宾结构
此结构是由主语+谓语+宾语构成。在此句式中V代表及物动词或及物动词词组，只有及物动词或及物动词短语才能且必须接宾语，因此后有宾语；宾语须是名词或相当于名词的成分（名词，名词短语或代词）。
例如：I saw a film. 我看了一部电影。
（I是主语，saw是谓语，a film宾语）
They took good care of the children. 他们把这些孩子照看得很好。
(they是主语 ,took good care of是谓语, the children是宾语)
翻译练习：
我不信任那个人。（believe in)
他指出了我的作文中的错误。 (point out)
圣诞节我们将去看望外籍教师。(call on )
你们必须在课后把练习本交上来。(hand in)
五分钟内我们是不可能解出这道题来的。(work out)
这位护士会好好照顾你父亲的。(take good care of)
你在工作中你可依靠他。(depend on)
答案：
I don’t believe in that man.
He pointed out the mistakes in my composition.
On Christmas Day, we will call on our foreign teachers.
You must hand in your exercise-books after class.
We cannot work out the problem in five minutes.
The nurse will take good care of your father.
You can depend on him in your work.
三. S十V十P 主系表结构
本结构是由主语+系动词+表语组成，主要用以说明主语的特征，类属，状态，身份等。 P一般是形容词或名词或名词性质的短语，V是系动词，常见的系动词有：
（1）表示特征和存在状态的 be, seem, feel, appear, look, smell, taste, sound
（2）表示状态延续的 remain, stay, keep, continue, stand
（3）表示状态变化的 become, get, turn, go, run, fall, come, grow
例如：He is handsome. 他长得帅。
(he做主语，is是系动词，handsome是形容词，做表语)
He is a clever boy. 他是一个聪明的男孩
（he是主语，is 是系动词，a clever boy是名词短语，做表语）
The desk feels hard. 书桌摸起来很硬。
(The desk是主语，feel是系动词，hard是形容词)
翻译练习：
1. 我的兄弟都是大学生。
2. 冬季白天短，夜晚长。
3. 布朗夫人看起来很健康。
4. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。
5. 孩子们，请保持安静。
答案：
1. My brothers are all college students.
2. In winter, the days are short and the nights are long.
3. Mrs Brown looks very healthy.
4. At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.
5. Children, keep quiet please.
四. S十V十O十C 主谓宾补结构
此结构由主语+及物的谓语动词+宾语+宾语补足语构成。及物动词本身需要一个宾语外，还需要一个名词，形容词，副词，动词不定式，分词来补充说明宾语，才能表达一个完整的意念。
宾语与宾语补足语有逻辑的主谓关系，若无宾语补足语，则句意不完整。可以用做宾补的有：名词，形容词，副词，介词短语，动词不定式，分词。
例如：The sun keeps us warm.
I heard him singing a French song.
You must get your bag repaired.
The teacher asked me to keep quiet.
I found the man standing by the door.
I found their house broken into.
翻译练习(1)：
我们叫她Alice。
他的父母给他取名为John。
我们大家都认为他是诚实的。
他们把门推开了。
他们把小偷释放了。
答案：
We call her Alice.
His parents named him John.
All of us considered him honest.
They pushed the door open.
They have set the thief free.
翻译练习(2)：
我们要使学校变得更美丽。
他请我们参加做游戏。
我要你把真相告诉我。
卫兵命令我们立即离开。
明天我要找人来修理机器。
答案：
We will make our school more beautiful.
He asked us to join in the game.
I want you to tell me the truth.
The guards ordered us to leave at once.
Tomorrow I’ll have someone repair the machine.
五. S十V十间接宾语+直接宾语
在此句式中，V是带有双宾语的及物动词。常见的须带双宾语的动词有give，ask，bring，offer，send，pay，lend，show，tell，buy，get等。
例如：He gave me a book.(he 是主语，gave是谓语动词，me是间宾，a book是直宾)
= He gave a book to me.
He brought me a pen.=He brought a pen to me. 他带给我一枝钢笔。
Mother bought me a book.= Mother bought a book for me.
此结构由主语+及物谓语动词+间接宾语（人）+直接宾语（事物）组成。
例如：He brings me cookies every day.
She made me a beautiful dress.
但若要先说出直接宾语（事物），后说间接宾语（人），则要借助于介词to或for。
例如：He brings cookies to me every day.
She made a beautiful dress for me.
用to侧重指动作的方向，表示朝着，向着，对着某人。
用for 侧重指动作的受益者，表示为了某人，替某人。常跟双宾语的动词有：
（需借助to的）bring, give, lend, hand, offer, pass, pay, promise, return, send, show, teach, tell, write, ask等。
（需借助for 的）buy, call, cook, choose, draw, find, get, make, order, sing, save, spare等。
翻译练习：
1. Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。
2. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。
3. Mary把钱包交给校长了。
4. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？
5. 他把车票给列车员看。
6. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。
答案：
1. Johnson taught me German last year.
2. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.
3. Mary gave the headmaster the purse.
4. Could you pass the dictionary to me?
5. He showed the conductor the ticket.
6. I wrote three letters to my parents this term.
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