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非谓语动词的用法比较
1、 动词不定式与动词-ing（动名词）作主语时的比较：
不定式作主语通常表示“具体动作”或“某个特定的情况”。动名词作主语通常表示“抽
象动作或泛指一般情况”。如：
It’s not good for you to smoke so much.（特指）
Smoking is a bad habit, which you should get rid of. （泛指）
2、 动词不定式、动词-ing（动名词、现在分词）与过去分词作表语时的比较：
（1）动词不定式、动词-ing（动名词）作表语时，前者表示某一具体动作，非凡是将
来的动作，而后者表示比较抽象的一般行为。如：
Our job today is to sweep the floor. The ant queen’ job is laying eggs.
(2) 现在分词、过去分词作表语，表示主语的性质、特点和状态。如：
The news I heard just now is very astonishing.
The car is broken and we have to have it repaired.
3、动词不定式、动词-ing（动名词、现在分词）与过去分词作定语时的比较：
（1）动词不定式、动词-ing（动名词）作定语时，前者放在被修饰名词的后面，后
者则放在被修饰名词的前面，说明其所修饰名词的用途。
A .She was the first woman to climb the highest mountain in the world. (修饰被序数词、最高级或no, all , any等限定的中心词。)
B. She has no ability to read and write Chinese. (抽象名词常见的有：ability, chance, idea, fact, excuse, promise, answer, reply, attempt, belief, way, reason, moment, time等。)
C.I borrowed some books intended for children to read during my holiday. (表将来)
D. a sitting room=a room for sitting
（2）现在分词和过去分词作定语，单个的常放在被修饰名词的前面，说明其所修饰的
名词的性质或特征；如是短语，常放在被修饰的名词后面，前者相当于一个定语从句，表示“说话时正在进行”或“与谓语动词同时进行”或“经常性”的动作；而后者也相当于一个定语从句，分词所表示的动作一般“先于谓语动词所表示的动作”或“没有一定的时间性的动作”。
A. Tom is going to attend the wedding party in two days.
B. The girl dancing happily is a friend of mine. = The girl who is dancing happily is a friend of mine.
C. There are more polluted rivers and lakes now than in the past.
D. The guns stolen from the police station were found in a deserted house.= The guns which had been stolen from the police station were found in a deserted house.
4、动词不定式、动词-ing（现在分词）与过去分词作状语的比较：
（1）动词不定式作状语，用来修饰动词或形容词，一般作目的、结果或原因状语，多
置于句末。
A. They went to China to visit their relatives and friends.( 表示目的)
B. He woke up to find everybody gone.(表示结果)
C. Ｈe was too excited not to say a few words. (表示程度)
D. I’m very sorry to have troubled you so much. (表示原因)
E. To tell you the truth, I have got no money about me. ( 表示条件)
（2）动词-ing（现在分词）与过去分词作状语，用来修饰名词，一般作时间、原因、让步、方式状语，置于句首；还可作伴随，置于句末。
A .Being a hard-working student, he succeeded in the maths exam. =As he was a hard-working student, he succeeded in …...
B. Working in the city , Tom had a wonderful time. =When he worked in the city, Tom had a wonderful time.
C. I let him in , saying that I was his uncle.
D. Mark finished his homework, taking a long time over it.
5、 过去分词与现在分词被动完成式的比较：
（1）在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语时，用过去分词，而不用现在分词完成式。如：
We lived in the house built in 1989. (定语)
The cup , which I borrowed from my friend, is broken.（表语）
I found the man shot death behind the tree.（宾语补足语）
（2）在句中作状语时，一般情况下可互换。但不强调时间先后，只强调动作的被动时，用过去分词，不用现在分词的被动完成式。如：
Caught (Having been caught) in the rain, he was all wet.
Having been shown in the labs, we went home hurriedly.(强调完成)
The boy returned home, followed by his parents.（强调被跟着）
单项选择题
1. The door of the supermarket remained ___________, though it’s nearly ten o’clock. It seemed very strange.
A. locking B. locked C. having locked D. being locked
2. I insisted that the thief __________ to be put into prison. However, the lawyer didn’t agree.
A. referred B. referring C. having referred D. refer
3. Tom told a lie when _________ some questions by the teacher. A. asking B. ask C. to ask D. asked
4. The rules that punish the students for their bad actions and habits get the students _________.
A. to worry B. worrying C. worried D. worry
5. ________ by the beautiful scenery of Three Gorges, these Australians decided to spend another week in Yichang.
A. To be attracted B. Attracted C. Attracting D. Being attracted
6. Unless ________, my father won’t go to their wedding party , which is thought to be held tomorrow evening.
A. invite B. inviting C. to invite D. invited
7. When he came back from work , he found his house _________ into. Without hesitating, he called the police.
A. broke B. broken C. to break D. having broken
8. __________ by his friends and parents, he had to give up drinking and smoking.
A. Criticizing B. Having Criticized C. Having been criticized D. Being criticized
9. The _______ teacher devoted himself to the Party’s education, making himself a good example for us.
A. retiring B. to retire C. retired D. being retired
10. They turned round and stood in the middle of the room, completely _________.
A. astonished B. astonishing C. to astonish D. having astonished
11. There was a gun and a thin piece of rope with the end _________ in a circle.
A. being tied B. having tied C. tied D. tying
12. The colleagues discussed the plan that they would like to see ________ the next year.
A. carry out B. carrying out C. to carry out D. carried out
13. The research , referred to by the professor, is so designed that once _________ nothing can be done to change it.
A. begun B. having begun C. begins D. to begin
14. There seemed to be nothing ______ to do but ______ for the doctor.
A. left, to send B. leaving , send C. leave, send D. left, send
15. You brother seems _________ everything. Therefore, you’d better let him ______ all the truth.
A. to be told, knowing B. to tell, to know C. to have been told, know D. to be telling, known
16. Charlie is said ________ abroad last year, _______ his wife alone at home.
A. to have studied, leave B. to study, leaving C. to have studied, leaving D. to study, leave
17. Mary, ______ of the ______ speech, began to talk to her classmate next to her.
A. tiring, bored B. tired, bored C. tiring, boring D. tired, boring
18. Mark, a good friend of mine, had to shout ________himself _______ above the sound of the music.
A. making, hear B. to make, hear C. making, heard D. to make, heard
19. I heard the doorbell ring while ________ a letter to my parents in the room.
A. to write B. writing C. written D. having written
20.I sent Kate an e-mail, ________ to get further information about how to learn English well.
A. hoped B. hoping C. hope D. to hope
21.As a result , the discovery of new evidence led to _________. The thief was now put into prison.
A. the thief being caught B. the thief having caught C. the thief to be caught D. catch the thief
22.They really couldn’t understand ________ them like that. They were very disappointed!
A. me treat B. me treating C. me to treat D. me treated
23.I usually go to Beijing by train; but I’ll _________ by air for a change.
A. try going B. try to go C. have tried going D. have tried to go
24.To fetch water before breakfast seemed to me a rule __________.
A. to never break B. never to be broken C. never to have broken D. never to be breaking
25. The lost child desired nothing but ________ home. A. go B. to go C. to have gone D. went
26. There is nothing __________ but _________ down and wait for him _________back.
A. to be done, to sit , coming B. to do, sit , come C. to do, to sit , to come D. to do , sit , to come
27.–Mary wanted to use your bike yesterday.
-But I asked her _______. A. not to B. not to use C. do not use C. not use it.
28.Our task is __________ the plan in a week. But it’s impossible to do it.
A. carry out B. to carry out C. carried out D. carrying out
29.“Do you have any clothes _________ today?” the maid said. A. washing B. to wash C. to be washed D. washed
30.It’s necessary to get ready for the interview. ______ the answers ready will be helpful to you.
A. Having had B. Having C. Have D. Had
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