怎样区别直接引语和间接引语?

直接引语：直接引述别人的话（句子中有“”）。
间接引语：用自己的话转述别人的话，叫“间接引语”（句子中一般无“”）
二．直接引语变间接引语
A.一般不表示请求或祈使的句子改为一个宾语从句
1.连词
若直接引语引号里的内容是陈述句，那么改为间接时，要用连词 that (可以省略)
……………….一般疑问句，…….，要用连词 if/whether (不可以省略)
……………….特殊疑问句，…….，要用连词 wh- 即特殊疑问词本身（不可省）
2.变化
（1）主句动词的变化
一般说来，主句谓语动词常为said或said to，变为间接引语时，当直接引语是陈述句时，said不变。当直接引语是一般疑问句和特殊疑问句时，则要把said或said to变为asked / asked sb.
（2）从句人称的变化
由直接引语变间接引语时，从句的主语人称要遵循一主、二宾、三不变的原则。①直接引语的主语是第一人称变为间接引语时要和主句的主语保持一致。②如果直接引语的主语是第二人称变为间接引语时要与主句的宾语保持一致。③如果直接引语的主语是第三人称变为间接引语时，人称不变。例如：
①They said, “We will go there by bus.” →They said they would go there by bus.
②She said to me, “Are you interested in science?” →She asked me if I was interested in science.
③His mother said to me, “He can't go to school.” →His mother told me that he couldn't go to school.
（3）、从句动词时态的变化
a. 如果主句的时态是一般过去时，从句的时态则应是与主句时态相应的过去时态。①一般现在时→一般过去时；②一般过去时→过去完成时；③现在进行时→过去进行时；④现在完成时→过去完成时；⑤过去完成时→过去完成时（不变）；⑥一般将来时→过去将来时。例如：
The girl said, “I'm sorry for being late for class.” →The girl said that she was sorry for being late for class.
b. 直接引语变为间接引语时，如果主句中的谓语动词是一般现在时或一般将来时，则间接引语从句的时态保持不变。例如：
He says, “I have finished my homework.” →He says that he has finished his homework.
She will say, “I'll do it tomorrow.” →She will say that she'll do it the next day.
c. 直接引语如果是客观事实或真理，变为间接引语时，从句时态不变。例如：
The teacher said, “The earth moves around the sun.” →The teacher said that the earth moves around the sun.
（4）、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化
直接引语变为间接引语时，指示代词的变化为this→that， these→those等；时间状语的变化为now→then， today→that day， yesterday→the day before, tomorrow→the next day等；地点状语的变化为here→there；动词的变化为come→go（go 不要变come）。例如：
1. She said, “I will come this evening.” →She said that she would go that evening.
2. He said, “My sister was here three days ago, but she is not here now.” →He said that his sister had been there three days before, but she was not there then.
B.表示请求或祈使的句子改为句型tell/ask/order sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示要求时用tell sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示请求时用ask sb (not) to do sth
当直接引语引号里的内容表示强制要求时用order sb (not) to do sth

直接引语和间接引语（Direct Speech and indirect Speech) 1
关键词：英语语法,,
直接引述别人的原话，叫直接引语。用自己的话转述别人的话，叫间接引语。间接引语在多数情况下构成宾语从句。直接引语一般前后要加引号，间接引语不用引号。
例如：Mr Black said, “I'm busy” 布莱克先生说：“我很忙”（直接引语）
     Mr Black said that he was busy. 布莱克先生说他很忙。（间接引语）

1 陈述句 直接引语如果是陈述句，变为间接引语时，用连词that引导（that在口语中常省略），从句中的人称、时态、指示代词、时间状语、地点状语等要作相应变化。在这一方面，汉语和英语有许多相似之处，因此，在做直接引语和间接引语转换练习时，要特别注意句子的意义。
1）人称的变化
a) He said, “I like it very much.”他说：“我非常喜欢它。”
   He said that he liked it very much.他说他非常喜欢它。
b) He saidto me, “I've left my book in your room.” 他对我说：“我把书放在你的房间里了。”
   He told me that he had left his book in my room.他告诉我他把书放在我的房间里了。
2）时态的变化 如主句的谓语动词是一般过去时，直接引语变间接引语时，从句的谓语动词在时态方面要作相应的变化。如主句的谓语动词是现在时，从句的时态则无需变化。
时态的变化
例句 直接引语
     间接引语
一般现在时
→一般过去时
He said, “I'm afraid I can't finish this work.”
He said that he was afraid he couldn't finish that work.
现在进行时
→过去进行时
He said, “I'm using theknife.”
He said that he was using the knife.
现在完成时
→过去完成时
She said, “I have not heard from him since May.”
She said that she had not heard from him since May.
一般过去时
→过去完成
He said, “I came to help you.”
He said that he had come to help me.
过去完成时不变
He said, “I had finished my homework before supper.”
He said that he had finished his homework before supper.
3)指示代词、时间状语、地点状语和动词的变化：
变化
例句直接引语
间接引语
this-that
这个-那个
She said, “Iwill come this morning."
She said that she would go that morning.
these-those
这些=那些
He said, "These books are mine."
He said that those books were his.
now-then
现在-那时
He said, "It is nine 0'clock now."
He said that it was nine 0'clock then.
today-that day
今天-那天
He said, "I haven't seen her today."
He said that he hadn't seen her that day.
yesterday-
the day before
昨天-前一天
she said, "I went there yesterday."
She said that she had gone there the day before.
tomorrow-
the next
(following) day
明天-第二天
she said, "I'll go there tomorrow."
She said that she would go there the next (following) day.
here-there
这里-那里
come-go
来-去
注：（1）直接引语如果是客观真理，变为间接引语时，时态不变。如：
He said, "Light travels much faster than sound."
He said that light travels much faster than sound.
      (2)如果在当地转述，here 不必改为there,动词come 不必改为go. 如果在当天转述yesterday, tomorrow 等时间状语也不必改变。

直接引语变间接引语。见下表。

重点概括：

直接引语变间接引语有着时态，人称，时间状语，地点状语的变化。
　　1.时态变化：
　　直接引语： 一般现在时间接引语： 一般过去时
　　直接引语： 现在进行时间接引语： 过去进行时
　　直接引语： 一般将来时间接引语： 过去将来时
　　直接引语： 现在完成时间接引语： 过去完成时
　　直接引语： 一般过去时间接引语： 过去完成时
　　2．人称变化：
　　She asked Jack，"Where have you been?"
　　She asked Jack where he had been．
　　3．指示代词的变化：
　　thisthat；thesethose
　　He said," These books are mine．"
　　He said that those books were his．
　　4．时间状语的变化：
　　nowthen；　　
　　todaythat day；　　
　　yesterdaythe day before；
　　tomorrowthe next day／the following day
　　My father said，“I worked here twenty years ago．"
　　My father said that he had worked there twenty years before．
　　5．地点状语的变化：
　　herethere
　　He asked me，“How can I get here?"
　　He asked me how he could get there.
　　直接引语变间接引语的句式变化：
　　1．陈述句：间接引语用that连接或that连接词省略。
　　2．一般疑问句：间接引语用if或whether, said改为asked,句子用陈述语序。
　　3．特殊疑问句：间接引语用原来的特殊疑问词引导，句子用陈述句语序。
　　4．语法知识归纳
　　直接引语的祈使句变间接引语的方法：
　　要将祈使句动词原形变为带“to”的不定式，并且在不定式的前面根据意思加上tell，ask，order等词，如果是否定式，不定式前面加"not"。
　　"Open the window," the teacher said to the boy．
　　The teacher told the boy to open the window．
　　"Tell him to come in," the boss said to the secretary．
　　The boss told the secretary to tell him to come in．
　　"Don't leave the door open," he said．
　　He told us not to leave the door open.
　　二、练习
　　1.单项填空
　　1.He said, "I am living with my brother."
　　He said that __ was living with his brother.
　　A. I　　　　　　B. you
　　C. he　　　　　 D. they

　　2.He said, "You are sure to get a warm welcome there."
　　He said that we __ sure to get a warm welcome there.
　　A. am　　　　　 B. was
　　C. were　　　　 D. are

　　3.She says, "Something is wrong with my bike."
　　She says that something is wrong with __ bike.
　　A. my　　　　　B.a
　　C. his　　　　 D. her

　　4.He has said, "I will not do so again."
　　He has said that he __ not do so again.
　　A. will　　　　 B. must
　　C. would　　　　D. do
　　5.The teacher said, "My son had the same experience as the little boy."
　　The teacher said that his son had __ the same experience as the little boy.
　　A. been　　　　　 B. have
　　C. had　　　　　　D. done

　　6.She said to me, "My mother took me to an exhibition yesterday."
　　She told me that her mother had taken __ to an exhibition the day before.
　　A. she　　　　　　 B. me
　　C. her　　　　　　 D. you

　　7.You said to me, "I saw the film two days ago."
　　You told me that you had seen the film __
　　A. two days　　　　　　B. two days before
　　C. two days ago　　　　D. yesterday

　　8.He said to his younger sister, "You may come with me."
　　He told his younger sister that __ with him.
　　A. you may come　　　　　 B. you might come
　　C. she might come　　　　 D. she might go

　　9.The student said to me, "She has made a close study of the problem."
　　The student told me that she __ a close study of the problem.
　　A. has make　　　　　　B. have made
　　C. had make　　　　　　D. had made

　　10.He said, "I live here."
　　He said that he lived____.
　　A. there　　　　　B. here
　　C. in there　　　 D. at there

　　Ⅱ、将下列句子改为间接引语
　　11.The teacher said to his class, "Don't waste your time!"
　　12.She said to her son, "Don't forget to turn off the light when you leave the room!"
　　13.His father said to him, "Think, before you do it!"
　　14.The teacher said to his students, "Tell briefly in your own words how penicillin was discovered."
　　15.The leader said to him, "Please write your report as short as possible."
　　16.He said to me, "Let me have a look at the book you bought."
　　17.He said, "I am proud of my motherland."
　　18.John said, "I wrote back telling him about it yesterday."
　　19.I said, "I will give her some advice tomorrow."
　　20."You are wasting your time day-dreaming!" he said to Mary.
　　21."You have already done your duty," he said to her.
　　22.Mary wrote in her letter, "Mr. Liu, when will you come to America?"
　　23."Don't risk your lives, men!" the captain warned.
　　24."I'll be very busy today," said the man.
　　25.She said, "We have worked on the school farm for two weeks."
　　26.He said, "I'm reviewing my lessons."
　　27.They said, "We arrived this morning."
　　28.She said to me, "Have lunch with us."
　　29.The teacher asked, "Are you ready?"
　　30.Betty asked Mary, "Are you having your lunch now?"
　　31."Be careful, and don't cut your finger," he said to me.
　　32.He said to the old woman, "Don't worry. I'll take you there."
　　33."Did you go to the meeting yesterday?" she asked me.
　　34."Will you please be quiet?" she said.
　　35.The man asked me, "How manytimes have you been here?"

　　Ⅳ、将下列句子改成直接引语
　　36.I said that there was not any trouble, and I was waiting for my change.
　　37.They said that they wouldn't go by air only because they hadn't enough money.
　　38.The driver said that he hadn't seen the signal, so he hadn't stopped.
　　39.My brother told me that he was surely to be able to master English.
　　40.He said that he hadn't quite understood that sentence, and asked me if I could translate it into Chinese.
　　41.His father told Mike that he ought to work even harder.
　　42.He told his assistants that he would not give up the experiment.
　　43.I warned the children not to go swimming in the lake.
　　44.My mother said that I looked rather tired, and I'd better go and lie for a while.
　　45.Della asked Jim to give it to her quickly.
　　46.He said that he could hardly support his family.
　　47.You said that you had woven the cloth by then.
　　48.Mary said just now that she would come again tomorrow.
　　49.The woman asked him why he had to sleep in the open air.
　　50.The headmaster suggested that the students should go skating.
　　51.He told me to go on with my work.
　　52.He asked me whether I had any difficulty.
　　53.Li Ming said that he joined the League in August 1980.
　　54.He asked me whether I was a Party member or a League Member.
　　55.Wang told the teacher that he was not feeling well that day.
　　56.Zhang told me that he had a meeting that afternoon and that he couldn't go with me.
　　57.I asked my mother whether she had seen the exhibition.
　　58.The teacher asked me if everything was ready.
　　59.My aunt asked me to keep warm and not to go out.
　　60.The worker told me that it would take me two days to finish the work.

　　答案
　　1--5 C C D A C　　　　 6--10 C B D D A

　　11.The teacher told his class not to waste their time.
　　12.She told her son not to forget to turn off the light when he left the room.
　　13.His father told him to think before he did it.
　　14.The teacher told his students to tell briefly in their own words how penicillin had been discovered.
　　15.The leader told him to write his report as short as possible.

　　16.He asked me to let him have a look at the book I had bought.
　　17.He said that he was proud of his motherland.
　　18.John said that he had written back telling him about it the day before.
　　19.I said that I would give her some advice the next day.
　　20.He said to Mary that she was wasting her time day-dreaming.

　　21.He said to her that she had already done her duty.
　　22.Mary wrote a letter to Mr Liu and asked him when he would go to America.
　　23.The captain warned the men not to risk their lives.
　　24.The man said that he would be very busy that day.
　　25.She said that they had worked on the school farm for two weeks.

　　26.He said that he was reviewing his lessons.
　　27.They said that they had arrived that morning.
　　28.She asked me to have lunch with them.
　　29.The teacher asked us if we were ready.
　　30.Betty asked Mary whether she was having her lunch then.

　　31.He told me to be careful and not to cut my finger.
　　32.He told the old woman not to worry and he would take her there.
　　33.She asked me if I had gone to the meeting the day before.
　　34.She told me to be quiet.
　　35.The man asked me how many times I had been there.

　　36.I said, "There is not any trouble. I am waiting for my change."
　　37.They said, "We won't come by air only because we haven't enough money."
　　38.The driver said, "I didn't see the signal, so I didn't stop."
　　39.My brother said to me, "I am surely to be able to master English."
　　40.He said, "I didn't quite understand this sentence. Can you translate it into Chinese?"

　　41.His father said to Mike, "You ought to work even harder."
　　42.He said to his assistants, "I will not give up the experiment."
　　43."Don't go swimming in the lake," I warned the children.
　　44.My mother said, "You look rather tired. You'd better go and lie for a while."
　　45.Della said to Jim, "Give it to me quickly."

　　46.He said, "I can hardly support my family."
　　47.You said, "I have woven the cloth by now."
　　48.Mary said just now, "I will come again tomorrow."
　　49.The woman asked him, "Why do you have to sleep in the open air?"
　　50.The headmaster said to the students, "You'd better go skating."

　　51.He said to me, "Go on with your work."
　　52."Do you have any difficulty?" he asked.
　　53.Li Min said, "I joined the League in August 1980."
　　54.He asked me, "Are you a Party member or a League member?"
　　55.Wang said to the teacher, "I am not feeling well today."

　　56.Zhang said to me, "I have a meeting this afternoon. I can't go with you."
　　57.I asked my mother, "Have you seen the exhibition?"
　　58.The teacher asked me, "Is everything ready?"
　　59.My aunt said to me, "Keep warm. Don't go out."
　　60.The worker said, "It will take you two days to finish the work."