含情凝睇谢君王,一别音容两渺茫 她含情凝目,再三请道士转谢君王,诉说着与玄宗一别以后音容渺茫的惆怅。“两渺茫”,指李、杨两地悬隔,空有相思而不得相见。“两”与“一”相互映衬,分别加强“别”和“渺茫”的效果。“一别”句以下数句,把叙述者(白居易)的叙述与故事中人物(贵妃)的叙述结合在一起,用双声更好地唤起读者心理上的共鸣。 昭阳殿里恩爱绝,蓬莱宫中日月长 昭阳殿里的恩恩爱爱已经断绝,贵妃只能在蓬莱宫中苦度漫长的时光。上句对过去的爱情做了个总结,“绝”字凝重而断然;下句则一笔写入无限的未来,“长”字悠远而凄然。爱情属于短暂的过去,未来属于无尽的孤寂。“昭阳殿”,汉成帝宠妃赵飞燕的寝宫,此借指杨贵妃住过的宫殿。“蓬莱”,传说中的海上仙山,这里指贵妃在仙山的居所。 回头下望人寰处,不见长安见尘雾 回头下望人世间,只能望见尘雾,却始终无法看到长安。此二句道出生死隔绝,为开启下文着笔。长安既不得见,相会自然更无因缘,于是才有聊寄信物以表深情的描绘。 唯将旧物表深情,钿合金钗寄将去。钗留一股合一扇,钗擘黄金合分钿。但教心似金钿坚,天上人间会相见 惟有拿出当年与君王恩爱时所得的旧物略表深情,请求道士把这钿盒、金钗带回君王前。金钗被掰成两股,钿盒分作两半,双方各持一股、一扇。只要两人同心,如金钿一样坚贞,天上人间虽阻隔重重,总会有相聚的那一天。 不写成“钿盒”而用“钿合”,也许还有相合、相会之意。以物之两半相合喻夫妻合谐,或以两半之分喻两情悬隔,这种写法由来已久。金钗、钿盒原是完整的两件东西,如今一分为二。一方面,如原文所言,是表示爱情的地久天长;但另一方面,意味着永无复合的可能。这也正象征李、杨再次结合的期望永无实现的可能。故具有反讽效果。
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临别殷勤重寄词,词中有誓两心知。七月七日长生殿,夜半无人私语时:在天愿作比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝 临别时又反复多次委托道士把话儿捎去,其中的誓愿只有君妾两人知道。有一年七月七日,在长生殿上,夜深人静时,两人曾山盟海誓:在天上愿作相依双飞的比翼鸟,在地上愿作相生相缠的连理枝。 “七月七日”,为牛郎织女一年一度相会之时。“长生殿”,在骊山华清宫集灵台侧近。不过,唐代也称皇帝寝殿为长生殿,不必细究。这几句写得哀婉动人,深情缠绵。“七月”以下六句,为作者虚拟之词。陈寅恪《元白诗笺证稿·长恨歌》云:“长生殿七夕私誓之为后来增饰之物语,并非当时真确之事实”,“玄宗临幸温汤必在冬季、春初寒冷之时节。今详检两《唐书·玄宗纪》无一次于夏日炎暑时幸骊山。”“比翼鸟”,传说中的鸟名,只有一目一翼,其名鹣鹣,雌雄并列,紧靠而飞。“连理枝”,两棵树枝干连生在一起。古人常用此二物比喻情侣相爱、永不分离。 天长地久有时尽,此恨绵绵无绝期 虽然天长地久,也会有穷尽时,而这生离死别的绵绵长恨,却永远不会有了结的时候。最后两句以概括性的语言点明“长恨”,表现了唐玄宗对杨贵妃的爱情誓言不能实现的千古遗恨。这两句常为后人引用。《老子》谓“天长地久,天地所以能长且久者,以其不自生,故能长生”,这里则反其意而用之。通过“尽”对“天长地久”的否定,极度夸张地写出了“恨”之永。同时,又通过“此恨绵绵无绝期”,显示了“在天愿为比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝”愿望的虚妄,加深了李、杨爱情的悲剧意义。其实,愈是饱含泪水不懈地追求与思恋,其分离就愈具有悲剧意义,使人冥冥之中感受到的那一份无可奈何的心灵负荷就愈沉重,感伤的心灵就愈丰富。而李、杨永恒的分离与彼此痛苦的思恋,又把他们的悲剧放大了,使他们的爱情悲剧上升到了一个新的境界。 评解 这是一首著名的长篇叙事诗,以“长恨”为中心,生动地描绘了唐玄宗、杨贵妃缠绵悱恻的爱情故事及悲剧结局。其中相当复杂的情节,只用精练的几句话就交代过去,而着力在情的渲染。诗人从反思的角度写出了造成悲剧的原因,但对悲剧中的主人公又寄予同情和惋惜。全诗写得婉转细腻,却不失雍容华贵,没有半点纤巧之病。明明是悲剧,却又那样超脱,实为浪漫与古典兼备的绝妙典型。读后令人荡气回肠,不愧为千古绝唱。 关于《长恨歌》的主题,历来有争论。或曰批判“汉皇重色”误国;或云歌咏李杨爱情;或云二者兼有之。然而文学作品的价值并不止于“主题”。从作者创作意图来看,《长恨歌》即“歌长恨”,歌咏爱的长恨。白居易自言“一篇长恨有风情”(《编集拙诗成一十五卷因题末戏赠元九李十二》),说明作者是为歌“风情”而作此诗。诗分四段,先写热恋情景,突出杨氏之美和玄宗对她的迷恋,对玄宗因贪恋女色而误国事有所讥讽。次写兵变妃死,悲剧铸成,玄宗肠断。这是悲欢荣辱极端对比的写法。再写物是人非及刻骨铭心的无望思念。最后写天人永隔之长恨。如此由乐而悲而思而恨,构成全诗的感情脉络,其间因果关系密切而分明。 【评析】 这首诗是作者的名篇,作于元和元年(806)。全诗形象地叙述了唐玄宗与杨贵妃的爱情悲剧。诗人借历史人物和传说,创造了一个回旋宛转的动人故事,并通过塑造的艺术形象,再现了现实生活的真实,感染了千百年来的读者。更多唐诗欣赏敬请关注“习古堂国学网”的唐诗三百首栏目。 诗的主题是“长恨”。从“汉皇重色思倾国”起第一部分,叙述安史之乱前,玄宗如何好色、求色,终于得到了杨氏。而杨氏由于得宠,鸡犬升天。并反复渲染玄宗之纵欲,沉于酒色,不理朝政,因而酿成了“渔阳鼙鼓动地来”的安史之乱。这是悲剧的基础,也是“长恨”的内因。 “六军不发无奈何”起为第二部分,具体描述了安史之乱起后,玄宗的仓皇出逃西蜀,引起了“六军”驻马要求除去祸国殃民的贵妃“宛转娥眉马前死”是悲剧的形成。这是故事的关键情节。杨氏归阴后,造成玄宗寂寞悲伤和缠绵悱恻的相思。诗以酸恻动人的语调,描绘了玄宗这一“长恨”的心情,揪人心痛,催人泪下。 “临邛道士鸿都客”起为第三部分,写玄宗借道士帮助于虚无缥渺的蓬莱仙山中寻到了杨氏的踪影。在仙景中再现了杨氏“带雨梨花”的姿容,并以含情脉脉,托物寄词,重申前誓,表示愿作“比翼鸟”、“连理枝”,进一步渲染了“长恨”的主题。结局又以“天和地久有时尽,此恨绵绵无绝期”深化了主题,加重了“长恨”的分量。 全诗写情缠绵悱恻,书恨杳杳无穷。文字哀艳动人,声调悠扬宛转,千古名篇,常读常新。更多唐诗欣赏敬请关注“习古堂国学网”的唐诗三百首栏目。 令人丁毅、方超在《(长恨歌)评价管窥》一文中认为,此诗是白居易借对历史人物的咏叹,寄托自己的心情之作。文章说,诗人年轻时与出身普通人家的姑娘湘灵相爱,但由于门第观念和风尚阻碍,没能正式结婚。分手时,诗人写了“不得哭,潜别离;不得语,暗相思;两心之外无人知……彼此甘心无后期”的沉痛诗句。文章指出,《长恨歌》作于作者婚前几个月,诗人为失去与湘灵相会之可能而痛苦。为此,丁、方二人认为,《长恨歌》并不是对历史的记录与评价。“在天愿作比翼鸟,在地愿为连理枝。天长地久有时尽,此恨绵绵无绝期”,正是诗人借前代帝妃的悲剧,抒发自己的痛苦与深情。 从“诗言志”,“诗传情”上说,丁、方二人之说不无道理。但就作品所反映的历史真实和社会意义以及千百年来的影响而言,不能不说它是历史的记录和对历史事件的评价。至于白氏自身有爱情悲剧的经历,无疑有助于他对李杨爱情悲剧的体察和分析,才使其诗写得肌理细腻,情真意切,赋予无穷的艺术魅力。
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【赏析】 《长恨歌》是白居易诗作中脍炙人口的名篇,作于元和元年(806),当时诗人正在盩厔县(今陕西周至)任县尉。这首诗是他和友人陈鸿、王质夫同游仙游寺,有感于唐玄宗、杨贵妃的故事而创作的。在这首长篇叙事诗里,作者以精炼的语言,优美的形象,叙事和抒情结合的手法,叙述了唐玄宗、杨贵妃在安史之乱中的爱情悲剧:他们的爱情被自己酿成的叛乱断送了,正在没完没了地吃着这一精神的苦果。唐玄宗、杨贵妃都是历史上的人物,诗人并不拘泥于历史,而是借着历史的一点影子,根据当时人们的传说,街坊的歌唱,从中蜕化出一个回旋曲折、宛转动人的故事,用回环往复、缠绵悱恻的艺术形式,描摹、歌咏出来。由于诗中的故事、人物都是艺术化的,是现实中人的复杂真实的再现,所以能够在历代读者的心中漾起阵阵涟漪。 《长恨歌》就是歌“长恨”,“长恨”是诗歌的主题,故事的焦点,也是埋在诗里的一颗牵动人心的种子。而“恨”什么,为什么要“长恨”,诗人不是直接铺叙、抒写出来,而是通过他笔下诗化的故事,一层一层地展示给读者,让人们自己去揣摸,去回味,去感受。 诗歌开卷第一句:“汉皇重色思倾国”,看来很寻常,好象故事原就应该从这里写起,不需要作者花什么心思似的,事实上这七个字含量极大,是全篇纲领,它既揭示了故事的悲剧因素,又唤起和统领着全诗。紧接着,诗人用极其省俭的语言,叙述了安史之乱前,唐玄宗如何重色、求色,终于得到了“回眸一笑百媚生,六宫粉黛无颜色”的杨贵妃。描写了杨贵妃的美貌、娇媚,进宫后因有色而得宠,不但自己“新承恩泽”,而且“姊妹弟兄皆列土”。反复渲染唐玄宗得贵妃以后在宫中如何纵欲,如何行乐,如何终日沉湎于歌舞酒色之中。所有这些,就酿成了安史之乱:“渔阳鼙鼓动地来,惊破霓裳羽衣曲”。这一部分写出了“长恨”的内因,是悲剧故事的基础。诗人通过这一段宫中生活的写实,不无讽刺地向我们介绍了故事的男女主人公:一个重色轻国的帝王,一个娇媚恃宠的妃子。还形象地暗示我们,唐玄宗的迷色误国,就是这一悲剧的根源。 下面,诗人具体的描述了安史之乱发生后,皇帝兵马仓皇逃入西南的情景,特别是在这一动乱中唐玄宗和杨贵妃爱情的毁灭。“六军不发无奈何,宛转蛾眉马前死。花钿委地无人收,翠翘金雀玉搔头。君王掩面救不得,回看血泪相和流”,写的就是他们在马嵬坡生离死别的一幕。“六军不发”,要求处死杨贵妃,是愤于唐玄宗迷恋女色,祸国殃民。杨贵妃的死,在整个故事中,是一个关键性的情节,在这之后,他们的爱情才成为一场悲剧,接着,从“黄埃散漫风萧索”起至“魂魄不曾来入梦”,诗人抓住了人物精神世界里揪心的“恨”,用酸恻动人的语调,宛转形容和描述了杨贵妃死后唐玄宗在蜀中的寂寞悲伤,还都路上的追怀忆旧,回宫以后睹物思人,触景生情,一年四季物是人非事事休的种种感触。缠绵悱恻的相思之情,使人觉得回肠荡气。正由于诗人把人物的感情渲染到这样的程度,后面道士的到来,仙境的出现,便给人一种真实感,不以为纯粹是一种空中楼阁了。更多唐诗欣赏敬请关注“习古堂国学网”的唐诗三百首栏目。 从“临邛道士鸿都客”至诗的末尾,写道士帮助唐玄宗寻找杨贵妃。诗人采用的是浪漫主义的手法,忽而上天,忽而入地,“上穷碧落下黄泉,两处茫茫皆不见”。后来,在海上虚无缥缈的仙山上找到了杨贵妃,让她以“玉容寂寞泪阑干,梨花一枝春带雨”的形象在仙境中再现,殷勤迎接汉家的使者,含情脉脉,托物寄词,重申前誓,照应唐玄宗对她的思念,进一步深化、渲染“长恨”的主题。诗歌的末尾,用“天长地久有时尽,此恨绵绵无绝期”结笔,点明题旨,回应开头,而且做到“清音有余”,给读者以联想、回味的余地。 《长恨歌》首先给我们艺术美的享受的是诗中那个宛转动人的故事,是诗歌精巧独特的艺术构思。全篇中心是歌“长恨”,但诗人却从“重色”说起,并且予以极力铺写和渲染。“日高起”、“不早朝”、“夜专夜”、“看不足”等等,看来是乐到了极点,象是一幕喜剧,然而,极度的乐,正反衬出后面无穷无尽的恨。唐玄宗的荒淫误国,引出了政治上的悲剧,反过来又导致了他和杨贵妃的爱情悲剧。悲剧的制造者最后成为悲剧的主人公,这是故事的特殊、曲折处,也是诗中男女主人公之所以要“长恨”的原因。过去许多人说《长恨歌》有讽喻意味,这首诗的讽喻意味就在这里。那么,诗人又是如何表现“长恨”的呢?马嵬坡杨贵妃之死一场,诗人刻画极其细腻,把唐玄宗那种不忍割爱但又欲救不得的内心矛盾和痛苦感情,都具体形象地表现出来了。由于这“血泪相和流”的死别,才会有那没完没了的恨。随后,诗人用许多笔墨从各个方面反复渲染唐玄宗对杨贵妃的思念,但诗歌的故事情节并没有停止在一个感情点上,而是随着人物内心世界的层层展示,感应他的景物的不断变化,把时间和故事向前推移,用人物的思想感情来开拓和推动情节的发展。唐玄宗奔蜀,是在死别之后,内心十分酸楚愁惨;还都路上,旧地重经,又勾起了伤心的回忆;回宫后,白天睹物伤情,夜晚辗转难眠。日思夜想而不得,所以寄希望于梦境,却又是“悠悠生死别经年,魂魄不曾来入梦”。诗至此,已经把“长恨”之“恨”写得十分动人心魄,故事到此结束似乎也可以。然而诗人笔锋一折,别开境界,借助想象的彩翼,构思了一个妩媚动人的仙境,把悲剧故事的情节推向高潮,使故事更加回环曲折,有起伏,有波澜。这一转折,既出人意料,又尽在情理之中。由于主观愿望和客观现实不断发生矛盾、碰撞,诗歌把人物千回百转的心理表现得淋漓尽致,故事也因此而显得更为宛转动人。 《长恨歌》是一首抒情成份很浓的叙事诗,诗人在叙述故事和人物塑造上,采用了我国传统诗歌擅长的抒写手法,将叙事、写景和抒情和谐地结合在一起,形成诗歌抒情上回环往复的特点。诗人时而把人物的思想感情注入景物,用景物的折光来烘托人物的心境;时而抓住人物周围富有特征性的景物、事物,通过人物对它们的感受来表现内心的感情,层层渲染,恰如其分地表达人物蕴蓄在内心深处的难达之情。唐玄宗逃往西南的路上,四处是黄尘、栈道、高山,日色暗淡,旌旗无光,秋景凄凉,这是以悲凉的秋景来烘托人物的悲思。在蜀地,面对着青山绿水,还是朝夕不能忘情,蜀中的山山水水原是很美的,但是在寂寞悲哀的唐玄宗眼中,那山的“青”,水的“碧”,也都惹人伤心,大自然的美应该有恬静的心境才能享受,他却没有,所以就更增加了内心的痛苦。这是透过美景来写哀情,使感情又深入一层。行宫中的月色,雨夜里的铃声,本来就很撩人意绪,诗人抓住这些寻常但是富有特征性的事物,把人带进伤心、断肠的境界,再加上那一见一闻,一色一声,互相交错,在语言上、声调上也表现出人物内心的愁苦凄清,这又是一层。还都路上,“天旋地转”,本来是高兴的事,但旧地重过,玉颜不见,不由伤心泪下。叙事中,又增加了一层痛苦的回忆。回长安后,“归来池苑皆依旧,太液芙蓉未央柳。芙蓉如面柳如眉,对此如何不泪垂”。白日里,由于环境和景物的触发,从景物联想到人,景物依旧,人却不在了,禁不住就潸然泪下,从太液池的芙蓉花和未央宫的垂柳仿佛看到了杨贵妃的容貌,展示了人物极其复杂微妙的内心活动。“夕殿萤飞思悄然,孤灯挑尽未成眠。迟迟钟鼓初长夜,耿耿星河欲曙天”。从黄昏写到黎明,集中地表现了夜间被情思萦绕久久不能入睡的情景。这种苦苦的思恋,“春风桃李花开日”是这样,“秋雨梧桐叶落时”也是这样。及至看到当年的“梨园弟子”、“阿监青娥”都已白发衰颜,更勾引起对往日欢娱的思念,自是黯然神伤。从黄埃散漫到蜀山青青,从行宫夜雨到凯旋回归,从白日到黑夜,从春天到秋天,处处触物伤情,时时睹物思人,从各个方面反复渲染诗中主人公的苦苦追求和寻觅。现实生活中找不到,到梦中去找,梦中找不到,又到仙境中去找。如此跌宕回环,层层渲染,使人物感情回旋上升,达到了高潮。诗人正是通过这样的层层渲染,反复抒情,回环往复,让人物的思想感情蕴蓄得更深邃丰富,使诗歌“肌理细腻”,更富有艺术的感染力。
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作为一首千古绝唱的叙事诗,《长恨歌》在艺术上的成就是很高的。古往今来,许多人都肯定这首诗的特殊的艺术魅力。《长恨歌》在艺术上以什么感染和诱惑着读者呢?宛转动人,缠绵悱恻,恐怕是它最大的艺术个性,也是它能吸住千百年来的读者,使他们受感染、被诱惑的力量。原载:《唐诗鉴赏大辞典》 【作者介绍】 白居易(772--846),字乐天,号香山居士。自号“酔吟先生”。祖籍太原[今属山西]。到了其曾祖父时,又迁居下邽(音guī)(今陕西渭南北)。白居易的祖父白湟曾任巩县[河南巩义]县令,与当时的新郑[属河南]县令是好友。见新郑山川秀美,民风淳朴,白湟十分喜爱,就举家迁移到新郑城西的东郭宅村(今东郭寺)。 唐代宗大历七年(公元772年2月28日)正月二十日,白居易在东郭宅降生了。小时候聪颖过人,5/6岁即学作诗,9岁便懂音韵。由于“家贫多故”,11/12岁便颠沛流离,接触了人民的苦难生活。后到长安应试,以《赋得古原草送别》得顾况赏识。落第后回家伏案苦读,竟至口舌生疮,手肘结茧。27岁中进士,因取中“拔萃”,授秘书省校书郎。唐宪宗元和年间,曾任翰林学士、左拾遗及左赞善大夫(东宫属官,掌讽谏太子过失)。元和十年贬江州司马,后移忠州刺史。唐穆宗时,由中书舍人出任杭州刺史、苏州刺史。晚年以太子宾客及太子少傅分司东都。出任武宗会昌六年(846年)八月卒于洛阳[属河南],享年75岁。著有《白氏长庆集》七十一卷。以44岁为界,之前抱定“兼济天下”之思,之后则“独善其身”。 晚年官至太子少傅,谥号“文”,世称白傅、白文公。人称“诗魔”,和好友元稹在文学上积极倡导新乐府运动,主张“文章合为时而著,歌诗合为事而作”,强调继承《诗经》的优良传统和杜甫的创作精神,反对六朝以来的“嘲风雪,弄花草”的作品,写下了不少感叹时世、反映人民疾苦的诗篇,即所谓“讽喻诗”(《新乐府》50首《秦中吟》10首),其中有反应人民疾苦的《观刈麦》《缭绫》等,有讽刺横征暴敛的《重赋》《杜陵叟》等,有指责贪官强暴的《宿紫阁山北》《卖炭翁》等,有揭露豪门贵族荒淫骄横的《轻肥》《买花》等,有表现对边事和边民关心的《西凉使》《缚戎人》等,有反对穷兵黩武的《新丰折臂翁》,有同情妇女悲惨命运的《上扬白发人》《井底引银瓶》《陵园妾》等。是我国文学史上相当重要的诗人,当时对外国也有一定影响. 。其艺术成就最高的是长篇叙事抒情诗。更多唐诗欣赏敬请关注“习古堂国学网”的唐诗三百首栏目。(http://www.xigutang.com) 白居易的通俗好懂,传说“白傅作诗,老妇皆懂”。 当顾况看到递来的诗稿《赋得古原草送别》署名白居易时,说:“长安米贵,‘白居’不‘易’啊!”当看到“野火烧不尽,春风吹又生”时,马上赞叹:“有这样的诗才,实在难得,就是走遍天下‘白居’也‘易’啊!” 主要作品 《长恨歌》《琵琶行》《赋得古原草送别》《钱塘湖春行》《暮江吟》《忆江南》《大林寺桃花》《同李十一醉忆元九》《直中书省》《长相思》《题岳阳楼》《观刈麦》《宫词》 《问刘十九》《买花》 《自河南经乱关内阻饥兄弟离散各在一处因望》 早年热心济世,强调诗歌的政治功能,并力求通俗,所作《新乐府》、《秦中吟》共六十首,确实做到了“唯歌生民病”、“句句必尽规”,与杜甫的“三吏”、“三别”同为著名的诗史。长篇叙事诗《长恨歌》、《琵琶行》则代表他艺术上的最高成就。中年在官场中受了挫折,“宦途自此心长别,世事从今口不开”,但仍写了许多好诗,为百姓做过许多好事,杭州西湖至今留着纪念他的白堤。晚年寄情山水,也写过一些小词。赠刘禹锡诗云: “古歌旧曲君休听, 听取新词《杨柳枝》”,可见他曾自度一些新词。其中《花非花》一首,颇具朦胧之美。 文学创作 后代剧作家也多有据白诗故事进行再创作,如白朴、洪升根据《长恨歌》分别作《梧桐雨》、《长生殿》;马致远、蒋士铨据《琵琶行》分别作《青衫泪》、《四弦秋》。白诗词句,也多为宋、元、明话本所采用。白居易不属韩柳文学团体,但也是新体古文的倡导者和创作者。其《策林》七十五篇,识见卓著,议论风发,词畅意深,是追踪贾谊《治安策》的政论文;《与元九书》洋洋洒洒,夹叙夹议,是唐代文学批评的重要文献。《草堂记》、《冷泉亭记》、《三游洞序》、《荔枝图序》等文,均文笔简洁,旨趣隽永。为唐代散文中的优秀之作。白居易还是词创作的有力推动者,《忆江南》、《浪淘沙》、《花非花》、《长相思》诸小令,为文人词发展开拓了道路。 同诗仙李白、诗圣杜甫、诗豪刘禹锡、诗鬼李贺等,白居易被称为"诗魔"。 【英汉对照】 长恨歌 白居易 汉皇重色思倾国, 御宇多年求不得。 杨家有女初长成, 养在深闺人未识。 天生丽质难自弃, 一朝选在君王侧; 回眸一笑百媚生, 六宫粉黛无颜色。 春寒赐浴华清池, 温泉水滑洗凝脂; 侍儿扶起娇无力, 始是新承恩泽时。 云鬓花颜金步摇, 芙蓉帐暖度春宵; 春宵苦短日高起, 从此君王不早朝。 承欢侍宴无闲暇, 春从春游夜专夜。 后宫佳丽三千人, 三千宠爱在一身。 金星妆成娇侍夜, 玉楼宴罢醉和春。 姊妹弟兄皆列士, 可怜光彩生门户; 遂令天下父母心, 不重生男重生女。 骊宫高处入青云, 仙乐风飘处处闻; 缓歌慢舞凝丝竹, 尽日君王看不足。 渔阳鼙鼓动地来, 惊破霓裳羽衣曲。 九重城阙烟尘生, 千乘万骑西南行。 翠华摇摇行复止, 西出都门百余里。 六军不发无奈何? 宛转蛾眉马前死。 花钿委地无人收, 翠翘金雀玉搔头。 君王掩面救不得, 回看血泪相和流。 黄埃散漫风萧索, 云栈萦纡登剑阁。 峨嵋山下少人行, 旌旗无光日色薄。
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蜀江水碧蜀山青, 圣主朝朝暮暮情。 行宫见月伤心色, 夜雨闻铃肠断声。 天旋地转回龙驭, 到此踌躇不能去。 马嵬坡下泥土中, 不见玉颜空死处。 君臣相顾尽沾衣, 东望都门信马归。 归来池苑皆依旧, 太液芙蓉未央柳; 芙蓉如面柳如眉, 对此如何不泪垂? 春风桃李花开日, 秋雨梧桐叶落时。 西宫南内多秋草, 落叶满阶红不扫。 梨园子弟白发新, 椒房阿监青娥老。 夕殿萤飞思悄然, 孤灯挑尽未成眠。 迟迟钟鼓初长夜, 耿耿星河欲曙天。 鸳鸯瓦冷霜华重, 翡翠衾寒谁与共? 悠悠生死别经年, 魂魄不曾来入梦。 临邛道士鸿都客, 能以精诚致魂魄; 为感君王辗转思, 遂教方士殷勤觅。 排空驭气奔如电, 升天入地求之遍; 上穷碧落下黄泉, 两处茫茫皆不见。 忽闻海上有仙山, 山在虚无缥缈间; 楼阁玲珑五云起, 其中绰约多仙子。 中有一人字太真, 雪肤花貌参差是。 金阙西厢叩玉扃, 转教小玉报双成。 闻道汉家天子使, 九华帐里梦魂惊。 揽衣推枕起徘徊, 珠箔银屏迤逦开, 云鬓半偏新睡觉, 花冠不整下堂来。 风吹仙袂飘飘举, 犹似霓裳羽衣舞; 玉容寂寞泪阑干, 梨花一枝春带雨。 含情凝睇谢君王, 一别音容两渺茫。 昭阳殿里恩爱绝, 蓬莱宫中日月长。 回头下望人寰处, 不见长安见尘雾。 唯将旧物表深情, 钿合金钗寄将去。 钗留一股合一扇, 钗擘黄金合分钿; 但教心似金钿坚, 天上人间会相见。 临别殷勤重寄词, 词中有誓两心知。 七月七日长生殿, 夜半无人私语时。 在天愿作比翼鸟, 在地愿为连理枝。 天长地久有时尽, 此恨绵绵无绝期。 A SONG OF UNENDING SORROW Bai Juyi China's Emperor, craving beauty that might shake an empire, Was on the throne for many years, searching, never finding, Till a little child of the Yang clan, hardly even grown, Bred in an inner chamber, with no one knowing her, But with graces granted by heaven and not to be concealed, At last one day was chosen for the imperial household. If she but turned her head and smiled, there were cast a hundred spells, And the powder and paint of the Six Palaces faded into nothing. ...It was early spring. They bathed her in the FlowerPure Pool, Which warmed and smoothed the creamy-tinted crystal of her skin, And, because of her languor, a maid was lifting her When first the Emperor noticed her and chose her for his bride. The cloud of her hair, petal of her cheek, gold ripples of her crown when she moved, Were sheltered on spring evenings by warm hibiscus curtains; But nights of spring were short and the sun arose too soon, And the Emperor, from that time forth, forsook his early hearings And lavished all his time on her with feasts and revelry, His mistress of the spring, his despot of the night. There were other ladies in his court, three thousand of rare beauty, But his favours to three thousand were concentered in one body. By the time she was dressed in her Golden Chamber, it would be almost evening; And when tables were cleared in the Tower of Jade, she would loiter, slow with wine. Her sisters and her brothers all were given titles; And, because she so illumined and glorified her clan, She brought to every father, every mother through the empire, Happiness when a girl was born rather than a boy. ...High rose Li Palace, entering blue clouds, And far and wide the breezes carried magical notes Of soft song and slow dance, of string and bamboo music. The Emperor's eyes could never gaze on her enough- Till war-drums, booming from Yuyang, shocked the whole earth And broke the tunes of The Rainbow Skirt and the Feathered Coat. The Forbidden City, the nine-tiered palace, loomed in the dust From thousands of horses and chariots headed southwest. The imperial flag opened the way, now moving and now pausing- - But thirty miles from the capital, beyond the western gate, The men of the army stopped, not one of them would stir Till under their horses' hoofs they might trample those moth- eyebrows.... Flowery hairpins fell to the ground, no one picked them up, And a green and white jade hair-tassel and a yellowgold hair- bird. The Emperor could not save her, he could only cover his face. And later when he turned to look, the place of blood and tears Was hidden in a yellow dust blown by a cold wind. ... At the cleft of the Dagger-Tower Trail they crisscrossed through a cloud-line Under Omei Mountain. The last few came. Flags and banners lost their colour in the fading sunlight.... But as waters of Shu are always green and its mountains always blue, So changeless was His Majesty's love and deeper than the days.
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He stared at the desolate moon from his temporary palace. He heard bell-notes in the evening rain, cutting at his breast. And when heaven and earth resumed their round and the dragon car faced home, The Emperor clung to the spot and would not turn away From the soil along the Mawei slope, under which was buried That memory, that anguish. Where was her jade-white face? Ruler and lords, when eyes would meet, wept upon their coats As they rode, with loose rein, slowly eastward, back to the capital. ...The pools, the gardens, the palace, all were just as before, The Lake Taiye hibiscus, the Weiyang Palace willows; But a petal was like her face and a willow-leaf her eyebrow -- And what could he do but cry whenever he looked at them? ...Peach-trees and plum-trees blossomed, in the winds of spring; Lakka-foliage fell to the ground, after autumn rains; The Western and Southern Palaces were littered with late grasses, And the steps were mounded with red leaves that no one swept away. Her Pear-Garden Players became white-haired And the eunuchs thin-eyebrowed in her Court of PepperTrees; Over the throne flew fire-flies, while he brooded in the twilight. He would lengthen the lamp-wick to its end and still could never sleep. Bell and drum would slowly toll the dragging nighthours And the River of Stars grow sharp in the sky, just before dawn, And the porcelain mandarin-ducks on the roof grow thick with morning frost And his covers of kingfisher-blue feel lonelier and colder With the distance between life and death year after year; And yet no beloved spirit ever visited his dreams. ...At Lingqiong lived a Taoist priest who was a guest of heaven, Able to summon spirits by his concentrated mind. And people were so moved by the Emperor's constant brooding That they besought the Taoist priest to see if he could find her. He opened his way in space and clove the ether like lightning, Up to heaven, under the earth, looking everywhere. Above, he searched the Green Void, below, the Yellow Spring; But he failed, in either place, to find the one he looked for. And then he heard accounts of an enchanted isle at sea, A part of the intangible and incorporeal world, With pavilions and fine towers in the five-coloured air, And of exquisite immortals moving to and fro, And of one among them-whom they called The Ever True- With a face of snow and flowers resembling hers he sought. So he went to the West Hall's gate of gold and knocked at the jasper door And asked a girl, called Morsel-of-Jade, to tell The Doubly- Perfect. And the lady, at news of an envoy from the Emperor of China, Was startled out of dreams in her nine-flowered, canopy. She pushed aside her pillow, dressed, shook away sleep, And opened the pearly shade and then the silver screen. Her cloudy hair-dress hung on one side because of her great haste, And her flower-cap was loose when she came along the terrace, While a light wind filled her cloak and fluttered with her motion As though she danced The Rainbow Skirt and the Feathered Coat. And the tear-drops drifting down her sad white face Were like a rain in spring on the blossom of the pear. But love glowed deep within her eyes when she bade him thank her liege, Whose form and voice had been strange to her ever since their parting -- Since happiness had ended at the Court of the Bright Sun, And moons and dawns had become long in Fairy-Mountain Palace. But when she turned her face and looked down toward the earth And tried to see the capital, there were only fog and dust. So she took out, with emotion, the pledges he had given And, through his envoy, sent him back a shell box and gold hairpin, But kept one branch of the hairpin and one side of the box, Breaking the gold of the hairpin, breaking the shell of the box; "Our souls belong together," she said, " like this gold and this shell -- Somewhere, sometime, on earth or in heaven, we shall surely And she sent him, by his messenger, a sentence reminding him Of vows which had been known only to their two hearts: "On the seventh day of the Seventh-month, in the Palace of Long Life, We told each other secretly in the quiet midnight world That we wished to fly in heaven, two birds with the wings of one, And to grow together on the earth, two branches of one tree." Earth endures, heaven endures; some time both shall end, While this unending sorrow goes on and on for ever.
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